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Questions and Answers
Which type of data is primarily numerical and can be counted?
Which type of data is primarily numerical and can be counted?
What distinguishes primary data from secondary data?
What distinguishes primary data from secondary data?
Which of the following is NOT a source of secondary data?
Which of the following is NOT a source of secondary data?
Which method of data collection involves direct interaction with participants?
Which method of data collection involves direct interaction with participants?
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What is a key characteristic of qualitative data?
What is a key characteristic of qualitative data?
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What is a significant disadvantage of participant observation research?
What is a significant disadvantage of participant observation research?
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In non-controlled non-participant observation, how does the observer interact with the group?
In non-controlled non-participant observation, how does the observer interact with the group?
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What characterizes a structured (closed) questionnaire?
What characterizes a structured (closed) questionnaire?
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Which type of observation allows a researcher to obtain unique information?
Which type of observation allows a researcher to obtain unique information?
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What is a key aspect of systematic controlled observation?
What is a key aspect of systematic controlled observation?
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What is the primary purpose of an unstructured (open) questionnaire?
What is the primary purpose of an unstructured (open) questionnaire?
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Which type of interview allows the interviewer to follow a predetermined set of questions?
Which type of interview allows the interviewer to follow a predetermined set of questions?
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What distinguishes a depth interview from other types of interviews?
What distinguishes a depth interview from other types of interviews?
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Which interview type is specifically designed to identify changes in responses over time?
Which interview type is specifically designed to identify changes in responses over time?
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What is the main feature of a focused interview?
What is the main feature of a focused interview?
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What characterizes qualitative research methods like interviews?
What characterizes qualitative research methods like interviews?
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In what scenario is it most appropriate to use an unstructured questionnaire?
In what scenario is it most appropriate to use an unstructured questionnaire?
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What is a significant disadvantage of the non directive interview approach?
What is a significant disadvantage of the non directive interview approach?
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Which aspect of surveys primarily focuses on gathering data from a targeted population?
Which aspect of surveys primarily focuses on gathering data from a targeted population?
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What is typically a key characteristic of a directive interview?
What is typically a key characteristic of a directive interview?
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Primary data refers to information that is already available and collected from other sources.
Primary data refers to information that is already available and collected from other sources.
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Qualitative data can be expressed in numerical values and can be counted.
Qualitative data can be expressed in numerical values and can be counted.
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Quantitative data includes observations that can be categorized but not measured numerically.
Quantitative data includes observations that can be categorized but not measured numerically.
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Surveys are one of the methods used for data collection in research.
Surveys are one of the methods used for data collection in research.
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Secondary data includes files and records that are created by the researcher.
Secondary data includes files and records that are created by the researcher.
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In participant observation research, the researcher maintains complete objectivity.
In participant observation research, the researcher maintains complete objectivity.
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In systematic controlled observation, the researcher has no control over the study variables.
In systematic controlled observation, the researcher has no control over the study variables.
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A structured questionnaire is characterized by open-ended questions.
A structured questionnaire is characterized by open-ended questions.
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Non-controlled non-participant observation involves the observer actively engaging in group activities.
Non-controlled non-participant observation involves the observer actively engaging in group activities.
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Questionnaires are a means of gathering information through closed-ended printed questions.
Questionnaires are a means of gathering information through closed-ended printed questions.
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Study Notes
Data
- Data are individual observations such as numbers, symbols, characters, images, etc.
- Data is out of context, has no meaning, and is difficult to understand.
- Raw data is often referred to as data.
Types of Data
- Research data is classified as either quantitative or qualitative.
- Quantitative data is numerical and can be counted. Examples are; number of students, age, grades, and test scores.
- Qualitative data is descriptive and has no numerical values. Examples are; a person’s attitude, perception, or feelings.
Data Sources
- Data is either primary or secondary data.
- Primary data is first-hand information originated by a researcher for the specific purpose of addressing the problem at hand. Primary data is collected directly from the subjects being studied.
- Secondary data is already available and has been collected from other available sources.
Secondary data categories
- Secondary data can be either published or unpublished
- Published secondary data examples are; Files/records, computer databases, industry or government reports, documents (budgets, organizational charts, policies and procedures, maps, monitoring reports), newspapers, and television reports.
Data Collection Methods
- Data collection is vital for research because the conclusion of a study is based on what the data reveals.
- The choice of data collection methods depends on the objectives and design of the study.
Data collection methods
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Observation - involves the direct observation of phenomena in their natural setting.
- Non-controlled, participant observation - the observer becomes a member of the group under study, but risks losing objectivity.
- Non-controlled non-participant observation - the observer observes the group from a distance without participating.
- Systematic controlled observation - the researcher pre-determines and controls the study variables.
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Questionnaire - is a series of written questions a researcher presents to subjects.
- Structured (closed) questionnaire - closed answers are predetermined, rigid, and completely clear.
- Unstructured (open) questionnaire - open questions are used to gather viewpoints, opinions, attitudes, and relationships between data.
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Interview
- Non-directive Interview (unstructured) - the interviewer does not follow a predetermined question list.
- Directive interview (structured) - the interviewer follows a set of predetermined questions.
- Repeated interview - focuses on changes in phenomena over time.
- Focused Interview - the focus of the interview is limited by relevant theory and evidence.
- Depth interview - a detail interview with a long process using projective techniques.
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Surveys - a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or interview.
- Surveys are directed at populations. Often, a sample of the population is studied.
- Experimental devices - used for controlled studies to gather data.
Information
- Information is data that is processed in a meaningful way.
- Information is useful and presented in a context for understanding.
- Data is meaningless in itself but becomes information when processed and interpreted.
Data Processing
- Data processing is the method of collecting raw data and translating it into usable information.
Data Processing Operations
- Data Collection - gathering raw data using the methods outlined above.
- Data Preparation (Validation) - ensuring that supplied data is correct and relevant. Examining data to detect errors and correcting them if possible.
- Sorting - arranging data based on common characteristics.
- Input - converting sorted raw data into a machine-readable form.
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Processing (Analyzing data) - analyzing data either manually or with a computer.
- Manual Data Analysis - used if the number of data is very small, but is extremely time-consuming.
- Data Analysis Using a Computer - requires knowledge of computer programs and statistics.
- Data Output/interpretation - translating data into a usable form for non-data scientists.
- Storage - storing data and metadata for further use.
Types of Data Processing
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TYPE* USES
Batch Processing Data is collected and processed in batches. Used for large amounts of data. Real-time Processing Data is processed within seconds when the input is given. Used for small amounts of data. Online Processing Data is automatically fed into the CPU as soon as it becomes available. Used for continuous processing of data. Time-sharing Allocates computer resources and data in time slots to several users simultaneously.
Data & Information
- Data is raw, unprocessed facts and observations.
- Information is processed data that is meaningful in the context of a specific situation.
- Data can be qualitative (descriptive, non-numerical) or quantitative (numerical).
- Primary data is collected directly by the researcher.
- Secondary data is data already available from other sources.
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Data collection methods include:
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Observation
- Non-controlled participant observation
- The researcher participates in the group being studied.
- Non-controlled non-participant observation
- The researcher observes from a distance without participating.
- Systematic controlled observation
- The researcher pre-determines and controls all variables of the study.
- Non-controlled participant observation
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Questionnaire
- Structured (Closed) questions - predetermined answers.
- Unstructured (Open) questions - open ended for opinions and attitudes.
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Interview
- Non-directive (Unstructured) - no predetermined questions.
- Directive (Structured) - predetermined questions.
- Repeated - follows the same subjects over time.
- Focused - focused around a specific theory or evidence.
- Depth - detailed, lengthy individual interviews using projective techniques.
- Surveys - questionnaires conducted on a representative sample of a population.
- Experimental devices - tools used to collect specific types of data.
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Observation
Data Processing
- Data processing converts raw data into useful information.
- Data collection is the first step in data processing, where the researcher gathers raw data.
- Data preparation (validation) examines the collected data for errors and tries to correct them.
- Sorting arranges the clean data into sequences based on common characteristics.
- Input converts data into a machine-readable format for the processing unit.
- Processing analyzes data, either manually or with a computer.
- Data output/interpretation translates the processed data into a usable and readable format.
- Storage saves data and metadata for future use and access.
Types of Data Processing
- Batch Processing - data is processed in large batches.
- Real-time Processing - data is processed immediately as it is input.
- Online Processing - data is continuously processed.
- Time-sharing - computer resources and data are allocated to multiple users simultaneously.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various types of data, including quantitative and qualitative measures. Explore the differences between primary and secondary data, and understand the significance of each in research contexts. This quiz is essential for anyone looking to enhance their data literacy.
