Data Transmission on LAN Chapter

A buffer temporarily stores incoming data until it can be processed by the receiving device.

Flow control restricts the amount of data sent before acknowledgment is received from the receiving device.

A single-bit error occurs when only one bit changes, while a burst error involves two or more bits being altered.

<p>The receiver must inform the sender to halt transmission until there is available space in the buffer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two methods are Stop-and-Wait and Sliding Window.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acknowledgment confirms successful receipt of frames and helps manage further transmission accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common methods include Parity checking, Block coding, CRC, and Checksum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Round-trip delay time affects how quickly acknowledgments are received, while bandwidth delay refers to the time taken for data to travel across the medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In bit-oriented protocols, the position and value of each bit determine its function and meaning, allowing a single character to represent multiple meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frames package the data into headers, bodies, and tails, allowing for organized transportation of data between stations until it reaches the destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A station temporarily stores the frame in a buffer, checks it for errors, and acknowledges its receipt or requests a resend if errors are detected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When buffer space runs out, the station signals to other stations that it cannot accept any more frames.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of bit-oriented protocols include X.25, HDLC, and SDLC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key components of a frame are the header (routing and control information), body (actual data), and tail (checksum data).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Half duplex allows communication in both directions but not simultaneously, while full duplex enables simultaneous communication in both directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The checksum in a frame is used to verify the integrity of the data by checking for errors during transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redundant bits are added to enable error detection and correction during data transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In 4b/5b coding, k represents the number of bits in the data word, and n represents the total number of bits in the code word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some code words are unused to ensure that valid data words can be transmitted without confusion or errors, providing additional space for error detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receiver discards the invalid codeword because it indicates that an error has occurred during transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The codeword created for the data word 01 was 01011 after adding redundancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An error-detecting code can only detect the types of errors for which it is specifically designed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receiver compares the corrupted codeword with valid codewords and determines the most likely correct one by checking the number of different bits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It's important because knowing the error types helps in selecting the appropriate coding scheme for reliable data transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synchronize the receiving station's clock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SFD indicates the start of the frame and consists of 1 byte of 10101011, differing from the preamble's 7 bytes of 10101010.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates whether the frame is directed to an individual station (0) or a group multicast (1).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The U/L bit indicates if the address is globally unique (0) or locally administered (1).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The maximum size is 1500 octets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Pad field is used to fill the frame up to the minimum size of 46 octets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Source Address indicates the transmitting station of the frame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethernet addresses are usually expressed in hexadecimal notation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PoE allows data and power supply to be transmitted simultaneously over the same Ethernet cable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two active components are the injector and the splitter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four wires are used for data transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three types of hubs are passive, active, and switching hubs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive hubs do not process the data signal and can only combine signals from network segments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two standards are IEEE 802.3af with 15.4 W and IEEE 802.3at with 25.5 W.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distance must be no more than half the maximum permissible distance due to signal degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Routers direct data packets between networks, while gateways act as entry points for different network protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CSMA/CD stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection, and its main purpose is to manage access to a shared communication medium while detecting collisions between data transmissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A station determines if it can transmit by sensing the presence or absence of a carrier signal on the channel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When two stations transmit simultaneously, a collision is detected, and both stations back off for a random amount of time before attempting to retransmit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CSMA/CD uses collision detection to manage data transmission, while CSMA/CA uses collision avoidance techniques to prevent collisions before they happen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CSMA/CA is preferred in environments like 802.11 based wireless LANs where it is not possible to listen while transmitting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first number in Ethernet standards, such as 10Base5, indicates the data transmission rate in megabits per second (MBPS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The different Ethernet standards mentioned are 10Base5, 10Base2, 10Base-T, and 10Base-F.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collision avoidance is important in CSMA/CA as it reduces the likelihood of collisions on a busy channel, thereby improving the performance of data transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A primary station controls the data link, initiates error recovery procedures, and manages the flow of data transmissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A secondary station sends an RNR signal when it runs out of buffer space to store incoming frames.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The secondary can send a supervisory frame with a sequence number bit set to acknowledge a group of received frames.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sliding window value indicates the number of unacknowledged frames a secondary station can handle at one time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upon receiving a supervisory frame indicating that buffer space is cleared, the secondary station can inform the primary it is ready to receive frames again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary station retains Information frames to ensure that they can be transmitted again once the secondary station is able to process them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A secondary station must still process incoming supervisory and unnumbered frames despite its buffer being full.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sliding window value can be negotiated during the initial establishment of the communication call.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CSMA/CA sends a signal to inform other stations not to transmit before sending its packet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In CSMA/CA, the channel is checked for activity prior to transmission, while CSMA/CD can detect collisions after they occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collision avoidance reduces the likelihood of transmission collisions by requiring stations to defer their transmissions when the channel is busy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CSMA/CA is designed for wireless LANs where collision detection is not feasible due to the inability to listen while sending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The evolution signifies advancements in data transmission rates and the different physical media used in Ethernet technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number indicates the data rate in megabits per second (MBPS), defining the speed of the Ethernet standard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Line discipline ensures that a device does not transmit until the receiver is ready, preventing unnecessary data transmission and signal interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When a carrier is sensed, the segment of cable is considered occupied, and stations must wait to transmit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A collision is detected, prompting both stations to back off for a random time before retrying transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flow control prevents overwhelming the receiver with too much data by regulating the amount of data sent before awaiting acknowledgment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enquiry/acknowledgment is used in peer-to-peer communication, whereas poll/select is employed in primary-secondary communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary concerns are preventing data overflow to the receiver and managing the rate at which data is transmitted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Character-oriented protocol frames consist of a sequence of characters and use a fixed-length format for delineation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The data link layer packs bits into frames, making each one distinguishable from another for effective data transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Error control is vital for detecting and correcting errors that occur during data transmission, ensuring data integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Power over Ethernet allows network cables to carry electrical power along with data, simplifying installation and reducing clutter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The binary form of 21 is 10101, which requires five bits. In four bits, we wrap the leftmost bit and add it to the remaining bits, resulting in 0110, representing the number 6.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The negative representation is found by inverting all bits of the positive number. For example, the negative of 6 (0110) is 1001.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sender divides the message into 16-bit words, sets the checksum to 0, adds all words using one’s complement addition, and then complements the sum to produce the checksum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receiver sums all the 16-bit words, including the checksum, using one’s complement addition, and checks if the result is 0. If the sum is 0, the message is accepted; otherwise, it's rejected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Character-oriented protocols use 8-bit characters and additional flags for frame separation, while bit-oriented protocols do not use fixed-size character frames.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using complementary checksums helps detect errors in data transmission by verifying the sum of transmitted words. If the summed result is not zero, it indicates an error occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receiver divides the message into 16-bit words, adds them using one’s complement addition, and then complements the sum to generate a new checksum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multicast broadcasts require unique addresses assigned by the Network Administrator, ensuring targeted delivery to the specific group rather than to all stations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The leftmost bit is wrapped around and added to the remaining bits to ensure the result fits within the specified number of bits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SA field always has the I/G bit set to 0, indicating it is an Individual address, while the DA can be set to either Individual (0) or Group (1).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An Ethernet frame is composed of the Preamble, SFD, DA, SA, Length, and the Information Field, serving to encapsulate data for reliable communication across the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Length field indicates the size of the Information Field, allowing variable length frames and ensuring that the receiving station can correctly process the incoming data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The U/L bit determines whether the address is universally administered (using a manufacturer's unique address) or locally administered by the Network Administrator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both DA and SA are 6 octets long and formatted similarly, but the DA can have its I/G bit set for group addresses while the SA's I/G bit is always 0.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If the Information Field is below 46 octets, a Pad field is added to meet the minimum requirement, ensuring that the Ethernet frame maintains its integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Preamble consists of a specific bit pattern that allows the receiving station to establish synchronization before the actual data begins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) is generally used indoors, while STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) is designed for outdoor use and special environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IEEE 802.3z, or 1000BaseT, is significant because it introduced Gigabit Ethernet, allowing high-speed connections up to 1 Gbit/s over Cat5e cabling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10Broad36 combined analog and digital signals but is rarely used due to its outdated technology and the availability of better alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Auto-negotiation allows devices to automatically determine the maximum supported speed (10, 100, or 1000 Mbit/s) between connected devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both 10Base5 (Thick Coax) and 10Base2 (Thin Coax) were phased out due to limitations in speed, size, and flexibility compared to standards like 10BaseT.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Category ratings in UTP cable indicate the cable's performance specifications, such as bandwidth and maximum data transmission rate, which impact network quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PAM-5 utilizes five different amplitude levels to encode data, allowing higher data rates over the same network medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transition from 10Base2 to 10BaseT was driven by the latter's use of twisted pair cabling, which allowed for easier installation and better performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers