Data Transmission and Packet Structure
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Questions and Answers

What happens to a packet when its hop number reaches zero before reaching its destination?

  • It is temporarily stored until a route is available.
  • It continues to travel until it finds a route.
  • It is deleted when it reaches the next router. (correct)
  • It is sent back to the sender for re-routing.

What is the purpose of a hop number in packet transmission?

  • To encrypt the packet content.
  • To enhance the packet's data integrity.
  • To identify the packet's origin.
  • To control the maximum distance a packet can travel. (correct)

What occurs once a packet is flagged as missing by the receiving computer?

  • The packet is discarded permanently.
  • A request is made to resend the missing packets. (correct)
  • The packet is re-routed automatically.
  • The packet will be delivered after a delay.

How is the hop number for each packet managed during transmission?

<p>It is reduced by 1 at each router the packet passes through. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about packet loss and hopping is correct?

<p>Hopping helps manage network congestion by controlling packet lifespan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible consequence of interference during data transmission?

<p>Data can be corrupted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During packet switching, which issue can occur?

<p>Data loss can happen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem can occur with skewing of data?

<p>It may lead to data corruption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is checking for errors during data transmission important?

<p>Computers struggle to interpret corrupted text. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about human reading is accurate?

<p>The order of letters does not significantly affect understanding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does data corruption primarily affect in a computer?

<p>The ability to understand and process data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of data being transmitted in a corrupt state?

<p>It can confuse a computer's processing abilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors does NOT typically contribute to data transmission errors?

<p>High-bandwidth connections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a parity bit play in data transmission?

<p>It helps detect errors in the transmitted data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a checksum calculated for a block of data?

<p>By adding all the bits in the block and taking their modulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might a parity value of '1' indicate when checking a byte with an odd number of 1s?

<p>The byte has an odd number of 1s. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which byte in the provided table has the highest number of 1s?

<p>Byte 9 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the use of checksums is true?

<p>Checksums verify data integrity after transmission. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of error detection, what is the primary disadvantage of using a parity bit?

<p>It cannot detect all types of errors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sending a checksum at the end of a block of data?

<p>To confirm the data received matches the data sent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which byte has alternating bits as represented in the provided table?

<p>Byte 7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the returned data matches the original data during transmission?

<p>The transmission is confirmed to have been error-free. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of error can check digits NOT typically detect?

<p>Transmission of encrypted data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a check digit in a code?

<p>To verify the accuracy of the data entry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of transposition errors, which of the following represents a correct example?

<p>Entering 5037 instead of 5307. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens if the data is found to have errors during transmission?

<p>The data is re-sent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a phonetic error?

<p>Entering 13 instead of 30. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of codes often utilize check digits?

<p>Barcode systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a sender’s computer verify the integrity of the received data?

<p>By comparing it to the original data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sum of the odd digits in the ISBN 978034098382?

<p>36 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process to verify an ISBN 13-digit code?

<p>Add all the odd numbered digits together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after summing the even numbered digits?

<p>Multiply the result by 3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mathematical operation is performed after adding the results of odd and even sums?

<p>Division by 10 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that an ISBN code is correct?

<p>The remainder is zero after division by 10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of the check digit in the ISBN?

<p>It provides a mechanism for error detection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the check digit calculated in the ISBN process?

<p>By subtracting the remainder from 10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the calculation of the ISBN check digit, what is the outcome of adding odd and even sums before division?

<p>It helps to find possible errors in the ISBN (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common problem that may occur with sound and video quality during transmission using packet switching?

<p>Incomplete data packets causing glitches (C), High latency leading to delays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might packet switching affect the download speed of a large web page?

<p>The data is split into smaller packets that can be sent simultaneously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cyclic redundancy check used for in packet transmission?

<p>To verify that the data has not been altered during transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could cause packets to be lost during transmission?

<p>Network congestion due to high traffic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a system manage lost packets without significantly slowing down transmission?

<p>Using acknowledgments and timeout mechanisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way might packet switching enhance data security compared to traditional circuit switching?

<p>The path taken by packets can change during transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the payload play in packet switching?

<p>It carries the actual data being transmitted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a receiving computer verify the integrity of a received payload using cyclic redundancy check?

<p>By calculating a new CRC value and comparing it to the transmitted value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hop Number

A value attached to a packet used to limit how many routers it can pass through.

Packet Loss

Packets failing to reach the destination.

Hopping

A method used to prevent packet loss by counting how many routers a packet goes through.

Router

Devices that forward data packets between networks

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Maximum Hop Number

The highest number of routers a packet can traverse.

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Packet Switching Problems

Potential issues with video/audio quality during packet transmission, including delays and interruptions from data reassembly and transmission issues.

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Packet Switching Large Webpage

Packet switching divides a large webpage into smaller packets for transmission across a network, allowing delivery and reassembly at the destination.

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Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

Error-checking method in data transmission that creates a checksum to detect changes in data during transmission.

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Packet Loss Causes

Reasons why packets might not reach their destination due to network congestion, hardware failure, or software issues.

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Handling Lost Packets

Methods implemented in network systems to manage packet loss and ensure smooth data transmission without significant delays.

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Packet Switching and Security

How packet switching might potentially improve data security by breaking down large data into packets.

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Data Transmission Distances

Data transmission can be over short (printer) or long distances (global network).

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Error-Free Payload Verification

How the receiving computer uses a CRC to ensure the received data coincides with the transmitted data, confirming the packet was not corrupted during transmission.

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Data Transmission Errors

Problems that occur during the movement of data, leading to corrupted or lost information.

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Parity Bit

A bit used to detect errors in data transmission. It ensures an even or odd number of '1' bits in a byte.

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Checksum

A value calculated from data to verify its integrity. Mismatches indicate corruption.

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Electrical Interference

Noise or disturbances in a signal that can cause data corruption or loss during transmission.

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Packet Switching Problems

Issues during the process of dividing data into packets, potentially resulting in data loss or gain.

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Error Detection

Methods to identify data corruption during transmission.

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Data Skewing

Data distortion, typically in parallel transmission, when bits arrive out of order, creating errors.

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Data Transmission

The process of moving data from one place to another.

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Byte

A group of 8 bits of data.

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Data Corruption

Changes in data during transmission to make it unusable or unreadable after reaching its destination.

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Bit

The smallest unit of digital information, either 0 or 1.

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Computer's Text Interpretation

Computers rely on specific formats to process text; issues with format, or missing keys, can cause computer misunderstanding.

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Corrupted Text Example

Example of text that's hard/impossible for a computer to understand or read due to distortion in transmission.

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Data Block

A collection of data sent as a unit.

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Data Corruption

Changes to data during transmission that make it inaccurate.

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Human Readability

Humans can still understand text with scrambled/missing letters; computers struggle to make sense due to structural errors.

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Echo Check

A data transmission method where a copy of the sent data is returned to the sender for error detection.

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Check Digit

A calculated digit added to a code (like a barcode) to detect errors in data entry.

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Data Transmission Error

A discrepancy between the original data and the data received during transmission.

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Incorrect Digit

A common data entry error where a digit is typed incorrectly.

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Transposition Error

A data entry error where two digits are switched.

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Omitted/Extra Digit

A data entry mistake where a digit is missing or added.

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Phonetic Error

A data entry mistake where a digit or code is misunderstood due to similar sounding words.

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ISBN/VIN

Codes using check digits. Examples are International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN) and Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN).

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ISBN Check Digit

A digit appended to an ISBN (International Standard Book Number) to verify its accuracy and detect errors.

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Odd Digits (ISBN)

The digits in an ISBN that are in odd positions (1st, 3rd, 5th, etc.)

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Even Digits (ISBN)

The digits in an ISBN that are in even positions (2nd, 4th, 6th, etc.)

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ISBN Check Digit Calculation

A method for determining the check digit of an ISBN by summing odd digits, multiplying the sum of even digits by three, adding the results, and calculating the remainder when divided by ten.

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Error Detection (ISBN)

Processes for identifying errors in an ISBN, ensuring accuracy.

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Thirteen-Digit ISBN

An ISBN with 13 digits, including the check digit.

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Check Digit (ISBN)

A final digit calculated to verify the accuracy of an ISBN number.

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ISBN Accuracy Verification

Method of confirming an ISBN is valid using calculation of its check digit.

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Study Notes

Data Transmission

  • Data is frequently transferred between devices, regardless of distance.
  • Transmission considerations include the method of transfer, error detection, and data security.

Types and Methods of Data Transmission

  • Data is broken into packets for transmission over long distances.
  • Packets have headers, payloads, and trailers.
  • Headers contain IP addresses and sequence numbers.
  • Payloads carry the actual data.
  • Trailers include error detection codes.
  • Packet switching allows data to take multiple routes to its destination.
  • Routers choose the best path for each packet.
  • Packets may arrive in a different order than they were sent.
  • Packet switching has benefits such as handling network congestion and avoiding single-point failures.

Packet Structure

  • Packets have headers, payloads, and trailers
  • The header contains information to ensure proper routing and reassembly.
  • The payload contains the data being sent.
  • The trailer is used for error detection.

Error Detection Methods

  • Errors can occur during transmission due to interference, packet switching issues, and data skewing.
  • Parity checks verify if the number of 1s in a byte is even or odd.
  • Checksums involve adding byte values to ensure data integrity.
  • Echo checks resend data to confirm accuracy.

Automatic Repeat Requests (ARQs)

  • ARQs use positive and negative acknowledgements with timeouts to ensure data delivery reliably.
  • Receivers use error detection codes (such as CRCs) to verify integrity.
  • If an error is detected, the receiver sends a negative acknowledgement.
  • The sender resends the data packet until a positive acknowledgement is received or the timeout period expires.

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

  • USB is a serial data transmission standard widely used for connecting devices to computers.
  • USB is now the dominant input/output port on computers.
  • USB uses backward compatibility.
  • Features include automatic detection, loading of drivers, and compatibility with older standards.
  • Drawbacks include limited cable length and transfer rates compared to other standards.

Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption

  • Encryption protects sensitive data during transmission.
  • Plaintext is the original data and ciphertext is the encrypted data.
  • Encryption algorithms transform readable data into unreadable form.
  • Symmetric encryption uses the same key for encryption and decryption.
  • Asymmetric encryption uses different keys; one public and one private.
  • Asymmetric encryption provides strong security by keeping keys separate.

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Data Transmission PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of data transmission, including the types and methods used for transferring data. You will learn about packet structures, headers, payloads, and trailers, as well as the principles of packet switching and error detection. Test your knowledge on secure data transfer and network efficiency.

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