Data Transmission and Network Models

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Questions and Answers

The ______ layer is responsible for converting digital signals into optical signals.

physical

Host 1 checks its cached ARP ______ to find a match before sending a request.

entries

After receiving an ARP reply message, Host 1 checks if it is the ______ of the message.

destination

In the OSI model, the ______ layer is responsible for end-to-end communication.

<p>transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ layer manages logical addressing and routing of packets.

<p>network</p> Signup and view all the answers

PDUs transmitted at the physical layer are called ______.

<p>bitstreams</p> Signup and view all the answers

Host 2 adds an ARP entry for its ______ address when it receives an ARP request.

<p>MAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ layer provides the means for application-level communication protocols.

<p>application</p> Signup and view all the answers

The topmost layer of the OSI model is the ______ layer.

<p>Application</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ layer is responsible for end-to-end communication and error recovery.

<p>Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data over the network media.

<p>Physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

At the ______ layer, data is encapsulated with a header that contains the source and destination IP addresses.

<p>Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before sending, the PC encapsulates the data with an ______ header.

<p>IP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each network device maintains a ______ table that helps it forward packets based on their destination addresses.

<p>routing</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the OSI model, the ______ layer is situated above the Network layer.

<p>Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

Packet forwarding in a network is based on ______ layer addresses.

<p>Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

The five layers of the OSI model are Application, Transport, Network, Data Link, and ______.

<p>Physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protocols such as HTTP and FTP are categorized under the ______ layer.

<p>Application</p> Signup and view all the answers

TCP and UDP are examples of protocols used in the ______ layer.

<p>Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Data Link Layer, protocols like Ethernet and PPP are used for ______ communication.

<p>local</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main role of the ______ layer is to route packets between devices across different networks.

<p>Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

The OSI model is defined in ISO/IEC ______.

<p>7498-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

IETF stands for the Internet Engineering Task ______.

<p>Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protocols like SNMP and DHCP operate at the ______ layer.

<p>Application</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ARP

Address Resolution Protocol. A protocol that maps an IP address to a MAC address.

ARP Request

A message sent by a host to find the MAC address of another host on the same network.

ARP Reply

A message sent by a host to respond to an ARP request, containing the MAC address.

MAC Address

A unique hardware address (physical address) assigned to a network interface.

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IP Address

Internet Protocol address, a unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a network using the IP for communication.

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Physical Layer

Lowest layer of the OSI model. Deals with the physical transmission of data as bits.

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Bitstream

Stream of bits transmitted at the physical layer.

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OSI Model

A conceptual model that describes the functions of a communication system.

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Application Layer Protocols

Protocols that allow applications to communicate over a network by specifying which transport layer protocols and ports to use.

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Telnet

A network protocol used for remote login.

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FTP

File Transfer Protocol, used to transfer files between computers over a network.

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TFTP

Trivial File Transfer Protocol, a simple file transfer protocol.

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SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol, for managing network devices.

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HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol, used for communication on the World Wide Web.

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SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, used for sending email.

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DNS

Domain Name System, translates domain names to IP addresses.

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DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, automatically assigns IP addresses.

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TCP

Transmission Control Protocol, a reliable, connection-oriented transport layer protocol.

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UDP

User Datagram Protocol, a connectionless transport layer protocol.

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ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol, used for error reporting and diagnostics.

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IGMP

Internet Group Management Protocol, used for multicasting.

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IP

Internet Protocol, the primary protocol for routing data packets across networks.

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PPPoE

Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet, used for accessing the internet over a broadband connection.

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Ethernet

A common LAN technology.

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PPP

Point-to-Point Protocol, used for establishing a dial-up connection.

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Physical Layer

The lowest layer of the OSI model; handles the physical transmission of data.

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Data Link Layer

Handles the reliable transmission of data across a physical link.

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Network Layer

Handles routing data packets across networks.

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Transport Layer

Protocol layer that provides communication services above network layer and below application layer.

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Network Layer Protocol

A set of rules that govern how data is encapsulated and forwarded across a network.

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Packet Encapsulation

The process of adding headers and trailers to data to create a packet for transmission.

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Packet Forwarding

The process of moving packets from one network device to another based on network addresses.

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Network Layer Addresses

Addresses used by network layer protocols to identify source and destination devices.

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Routing Table

A table used by routers to determine the best path for forwarding packets.

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Source IP Address

The IP address of the device sending a packet.

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Destination IP Address

The IP address of the device receiving a packet.

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IP Header

The header within a packet containing essential information, including the source and destination IP addresses.

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Network Layer

The layer in the OSI model that deals with packet forwarding and addressing.

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Study Notes

Foreword

  • Various information is presented as data in our lives.
  • Understanding how data is transmitted is important.
  • The network reference model is used to understand data's "life."

Objectives

  • Understand data definition and transmission.
  • Understand network reference model concepts and advantages.
  • Understand common standard protocols.
  • Understand data encapsulation and decapsulation.

Contents

  • Applications and Data
  • Network Reference Model and Standard Protocols
  • Data Communication Process

Origin of the Story - Applications

  • Applications fulfill user requirements, like web browsing, gaming, and video playback.
  • Applications generate data. Data includes types like text, images, and videos.

Application Implementation - Data

  • Data is the carrier of information in computer systems.
  • Data generated by applications needs to be transmitted between devices.

OSI Reference Model

  • Application Layer: Provides interfaces for applications, translating data formats.
  • Presentation Layer: Translates data formats to ensure interoperability.
  • Session Layer: Manages and terminates sessions between communication partners.
  • Transport Layer: Defines logical addresses, controls speed, and manages data sequences.
  • Network Layer: Defines logical addresses and manages data transfer.
  • Data Link Layer: Encapsulates packets and manages error checking.
  • Physical Layer: Transmits bitstreams over transmission media.

TCP/IP Reference Model

  • The TCP/IP reference model is the mainstream model of the Internet.
  • The TCP and IP protocols are widely used in industry.
  • The OSI protocol stack is complex.

Common TCP/IP Protocols

  • Application Layer: Telnet, FTP, TFTP, SNMP, HTTP, SMTP, DNS, DHCP
  • Transport Layer: TCP, UDP, ICMP, IGMP
  • Network Layer: IP, PPPOE
  • Data Link Layer: Ethernet, PPP

Common Protocol Standardization Organizations

  • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): Develops and promotes Internet protocols.
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): Formulates standards in electronics, electrical, and computer science. Includes IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and 802.11 (Wi-Fi).
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Formulates computer network standards, such as the OSI model (ISO/IEC 7498-1).

Application Layer - Protocols

  • HTTP (80): Hypertext Transfer Protocol for web browsing
  • Telnet (23): Remote login protocol, used for management
  • FTP (20/21): File transfer protocol, enables file sharing
  • SMTP (25): Simple Mail Transfer Protocol for emails
  • TFTP (69): Simple File Transfer Protocol

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Network Reference Model PDF

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