Data Structures: Trees Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the assignment operator '=' do in Python?

Applies an arithmetic operation

Compares two values for equality

Defines a new data type

Binds a variable to an object (correct)

Which of the following correctly demonstrates a multi-line string in Python?

str = """This is a long string""" (correct)

str = "This is a long string"

str = 'This is a long string'

str = '''This is a long string''' (correct)

What will the following code output? x = 5 / 2

2.5

An error because variable x needs to be declared first

2 (correct)

Which statement is true about variable names in Python?

Variable names can include letters, numbers, and underscores but cannot start with a number. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean that Python determines the type of a reference automatically?

The type can change based on the value assigned to the variable. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What command is used to make a Python file executable in Unix?

chmod a+x fact.py (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a Python script, how do you indicate that the file should be executed with a specific interpreter?

By adding the line '#!/usr/bin/python' at the start (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the function 'fact()' compute in the provided script?

The factorial of its argument (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of making a file executable in Python?

To allow the script to run without calling the interpreter (A) Signup and view all the answers

How can a Python program function as both a script and a module?

By having conditions that check for name == 'main' (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of leaf nodes in a tree data structure?

They have zero children. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes nodes that have the same parent in a tree?

Siblings (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the degree of a node indicate in a tree?

The number of its child nodes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique path from the root to a node in a tree called?

Depth (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the height of a tree?

It is defined as the maximum depth of any node in the tree. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a subtree in the context of a tree data structure?

Any node with its descendant nodes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tree is characterized by the order of children being irrelevant?

Unordered tree (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about internal nodes?

They have at least one child node. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes an ancestor in a tree?

A node that exists on the path from the root to another node. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship of node A to node B if a path exists from A to B?

A is an ancestor of B. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to when order matters in a tree structure?

Ordered trees (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the depth of a node refer to in a tree?

The number of edges in the unique path from the root to that node. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How many parents does a non-root node have in a tree structure?

One (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the output of the expression `t[1:4]` given `t = (23, 'abc', 4.56, (2,3), 'def')`?

('abc', 4.56, (2,3)) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the `in` operator is correct when applied to lists?

It returns True if a value exists in the list. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the expression `t[:2]` return when `t = (23, 'abc', 4.56, (2,3), 'def')`?

(23, 'abc') (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the expression `(1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6)`?

(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the expression `t[-3]` return when `t = (23, 'abc', 4.56, (2,3), 'def')`?

4.56 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is `l2 = l1[:]` different from `l2 = l1` when l1 is a list?

Changes in l1 will not affect l2 in the first case. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the expression `(1, 2, 3) * 3`?

(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Identify the correct statement about lists and tuples based on mutability.

Lists can be changed after creation, but tuples cannot. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the CSS rule 'h1 { color:blue; }' accomplish?

It makes all h1 headers have blue text. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How should the CSS rule 'p u { color:red; }' be interpreted?

Only underlined text in paragraphs will be red. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a tree structure, what role do XML parsers play?

They transform XML into an internal tree structure. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the statement 'text/decorations descendant from the underlining tag () which itself is a descendant of a paragraph tag should be coloured red' imply?

Only underlined text inside paragraphs will be red. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using a tree structure for XML?

It makes it easier for tools to process and manipulate XML data. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the MathML example 'x2 + y2 = z2' utilize tree structures?

It represents mathematical expressions in a visual tree structure. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of tree data structures?

They can represent hierarchical relationships clearly. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why might a programmer want to avoid underlined items in headers being styled with random colors?

To maintain visual consistency across the application. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does cascading in CSS refer to?

The order of declaration decides which style applies to an element. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using verbose methods to describe simple equations like 'x2 + y2 = z2'?

It complicates the understanding of fundamental principles. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Trees

A tree data structure stores information in nodes.
Each node has variable references to successors, with the exception of the root node, which has none.
Each node, other than the root, has exactly one node pointing to it.
All nodes will have zero or more child nodes or children.
Nodes with the same parent are siblings.
The degree of a node is defined as the number of its children.
Nodes with degree zero are also called leaf nodes.
All other nodes are said to be internal nodes, that is, they are internal to the tree.
Trees are equal if the order of the children is ignored (unordered trees).
They are different if order is relevant (ordered trees), which will be examined in this text.
A path is a sequence of nodes where each node is a child of the previous node.
The length of a path is the number of nodes in the path minus one.
For each node in a tree, there exists a unique path from the root node to that node.
The length of this path is the depth of the node.
The height of a tree is defined as the maximum depth of any node within the tree.
If a path exists from node a to node b, a is an ancestor of b and b is a descendent of a.
The descendants of a node include the node itself and all of its children, grandchildren, and so on.
The ancestors of a node include the node itself and all of its parents, grandparents, and so on.
Given any node a within a tree with root r, the collection of a and all of its descendants is said to be a subtree of the tree with root a.

XHTML and CSS

The XML of XHTML has a tree structure.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) use the tree structure to modify the display of HTML.
For example, h1 { color:blue; } indicates all text and decorations descendant from an h1 header should be blue.
Styles can be applied to specific descendants, such as p u { color:red; }, which indicates underlined text within paragraphs should be red.

XML

Any XML can be represented as a tree.
XML tools make use of this feature, such as parsers that convert XML into an internal tree structure and XML transformation languages that manipulate this tree structure.

MathML

MathML expressions can be represented as tree structures, allowing for a more efficient and structured way of representing mathematical formulas.
This is particularly useful in applications where mathematical formulas need to be processed or transformed, as it provides a consistent and standardized representation.

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Description

Test your knowledge of tree data structures with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as nodes, paths, degrees, and the differences between ordered and unordered trees. Perfect for students learning about data structures in computer science.