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Questions and Answers
What does the assignment operator '=' do in Python?
What does the assignment operator '=' do in Python?
- Applies an arithmetic operation
- Compares two values for equality
- Defines a new data type
- Binds a variable to an object (correct)
Which of the following correctly demonstrates a multi-line string in Python?
Which of the following correctly demonstrates a multi-line string in Python?
- str = """This is a long string""" (correct)
- str = "This is a long string"
- str = 'This is a long string'
- str = '''This is a long string''' (correct)
What will the following code output? x = 5 / 2
What will the following code output? x = 5 / 2
- 2.5
- An error because variable x needs to be declared first
- 3
- 2 (correct)
Which statement is true about variable names in Python?
Which statement is true about variable names in Python?
What does it mean that Python determines the type of a reference automatically?
What does it mean that Python determines the type of a reference automatically?
What command is used to make a Python file executable in Unix?
What command is used to make a Python file executable in Unix?
In a Python script, how do you indicate that the file should be executed with a specific interpreter?
In a Python script, how do you indicate that the file should be executed with a specific interpreter?
What does the function 'fact()' compute in the provided script?
What does the function 'fact()' compute in the provided script?
What is the purpose of making a file executable in Python?
What is the purpose of making a file executable in Python?
How can a Python program function as both a script and a module?
How can a Python program function as both a script and a module?
What is a characteristic of leaf nodes in a tree data structure?
What is a characteristic of leaf nodes in a tree data structure?
Which term describes nodes that have the same parent in a tree?
Which term describes nodes that have the same parent in a tree?
What does the degree of a node indicate in a tree?
What does the degree of a node indicate in a tree?
What is the unique path from the root to a node in a tree called?
What is the unique path from the root to a node in a tree called?
Which statement accurately describes the height of a tree?
Which statement accurately describes the height of a tree?
What is a subtree in the context of a tree data structure?
What is a subtree in the context of a tree data structure?
Which type of tree is characterized by the order of children being irrelevant?
Which type of tree is characterized by the order of children being irrelevant?
Which of the following is true about internal nodes?
Which of the following is true about internal nodes?
Which statement best describes an ancestor in a tree?
Which statement best describes an ancestor in a tree?
What is the relationship of node A to node B if a path exists from A to B?
What is the relationship of node A to node B if a path exists from A to B?
Which term refers to when order matters in a tree structure?
Which term refers to when order matters in a tree structure?
What does the depth of a node refer to in a tree?
What does the depth of a node refer to in a tree?
How many parents does a non-root node have in a tree structure?
How many parents does a non-root node have in a tree structure?
What is the output of the expression t[1:4] given t = (23, 'abc', 4.56, (2,3), 'def')?
What is the output of the expression t[1:4] given t = (23, 'abc', 4.56, (2,3), 'def')?
Which statement about the in operator is correct when applied to lists?
Which statement about the in operator is correct when applied to lists?
What does the expression t[:2] return when t = (23, 'abc', 4.56, (2,3), 'def')?
What does the expression t[:2] return when t = (23, 'abc', 4.56, (2,3), 'def')?
What is the result of the expression (1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6)?
What is the result of the expression (1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6)?
What does the expression t[-3] return when t = (23, 'abc', 4.56, (2,3), 'def')?
What does the expression t[-3] return when t = (23, 'abc', 4.56, (2,3), 'def')?
Why is l2 = l1[:] different from l2 = l1 when l1 is a list?
Why is l2 = l1[:] different from l2 = l1 when l1 is a list?
What is the effect of the expression (1, 2, 3) * 3?
What is the effect of the expression (1, 2, 3) * 3?
Identify the correct statement about lists and tuples based on mutability.
Identify the correct statement about lists and tuples based on mutability.
What does the CSS rule 'h1 { color:blue; }' accomplish?
What does the CSS rule 'h1 { color:blue; }' accomplish?
How should the CSS rule 'p u { color:red; }' be interpreted?
How should the CSS rule 'p u { color:red; }' be interpreted?
In a tree structure, what role do XML parsers play?
In a tree structure, what role do XML parsers play?
What does the statement 'text/decorations descendant from the underlining tag () which itself is a descendant of a paragraph tag should be coloured red' imply?
What does the statement 'text/decorations descendant from the underlining tag () which itself is a descendant of a paragraph tag should be coloured red' imply?
What is the advantage of using a tree structure for XML?
What is the advantage of using a tree structure for XML?
How does the MathML example 'x2 + y2 = z2' utilize tree structures?
How does the MathML example 'x2 + y2 = z2' utilize tree structures?
What is a significant characteristic of tree data structures?
What is a significant characteristic of tree data structures?
Why might a programmer want to avoid underlined items in headers being styled with random colors?
Why might a programmer want to avoid underlined items in headers being styled with random colors?
What does cascading in CSS refer to?
What does cascading in CSS refer to?
What is a disadvantage of using verbose methods to describe simple equations like 'x2 + y2 = z2'?
What is a disadvantage of using verbose methods to describe simple equations like 'x2 + y2 = z2'?
Study Notes
Trees
- A tree data structure stores information in nodes.
- Each node has variable references to successors, with the exception of the root node, which has none.
- Each node, other than the root, has exactly one node pointing to it.
- All nodes will have zero or more child nodes or children.
- Nodes with the same parent are siblings.
- The degree of a node is defined as the number of its children.
- Nodes with degree zero are also called leaf nodes.
- All other nodes are said to be internal nodes, that is, they are internal to the tree.
- Trees are equal if the order of the children is ignored (unordered trees).
- They are different if order is relevant (ordered trees), which will be examined in this text.
- A path is a sequence of nodes where each node is a child of the previous node.
- The length of a path is the number of nodes in the path minus one.
- For each node in a tree, there exists a unique path from the root node to that node.
- The length of this path is the depth of the node.
- The height of a tree is defined as the maximum depth of any node within the tree.
- If a path exists from node a to node b, a is an ancestor of b and b is a descendent of a.
- The descendants of a node include the node itself and all of its children, grandchildren, and so on.
- The ancestors of a node include the node itself and all of its parents, grandparents, and so on.
- Given any node a within a tree with root r, the collection of a and all of its descendants is said to be a subtree of the tree with root a.
XHTML and CSS
- The XML of XHTML has a tree structure.
- Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) use the tree structure to modify the display of HTML.
- For example,
h1 { color:blue; }indicates all text and decorations descendant from anh1header should be blue. - Styles can be applied to specific descendants, such as
p u { color:red; }, which indicates underlined text within paragraphs should be red.
XML
- Any XML can be represented as a tree.
- XML tools make use of this feature, such as parsers that convert XML into an internal tree structure and XML transformation languages that manipulate this tree structure.
MathML
- MathML expressions can be represented as tree structures, allowing for a more efficient and structured way of representing mathematical formulas.
- This is particularly useful in applications where mathematical formulas need to be processed or transformed, as it provides a consistent and standardized representation.
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Description
Test your knowledge of tree data structures with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as nodes, paths, degrees, and the differences between ordered and unordered trees. Perfect for students learning about data structures in computer science.
