Data Structures Overview

A list is ordered, mutable, has a dynamic size, and can be heterogeneous.

Lists in Python are implemented using square brackets [], and they can hold elements of different data types.

The main advantage is that linked lists can dynamically grow and shrink in size, making them more efficient for data structures like stacks or queues.

<p>In a singly linked list, each node has a reference to the next node, allowing traversal in one direction only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A doubly linked list has nodes with references to both the next and previous nodes, allowing traversal in both directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a circular linked list, the last node links back to the head node, forming a circular structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Java, lists require specifying the data type of elements using <code>ArrayList</code>, while Python lists can store multiple data types without declaration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>You can add, remove, and traverse nodes in linked lists, adapting their size dynamically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A queue follows the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Enqueue' operation adds an element to the back (or rear) of the queue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Dequeue' operation removes and retrieves the element from the front (or head) of the queue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A circular queue connects the last element back to the first element, allowing for continuous insertion and deletion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a priority queue, elements are removed based on their priority rather than their order of arrival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a double-ended queue (deque), items can be added or removed from both the front and the rear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Peek' operation allows you to view the element at the front of the queue without removing it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tree is an abstract data structure composed of nodes connected by edges, resembling a hierarchical structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal sorting occurs when all data fits into the main memory, typically used for smaller datasets requiring quick access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External sorting processes data that does not fit into memory, with the external merge sort algorithm being a key example.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In-place sorting modifies the original array directly, using constant space for producing the output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bubble sort repeatedly swaps adjacent elements if they are in the wrong order, effectively 'bubbling' the largest unsorted element to its correct position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The term 'void' represents the absence of a data type or indicates that a function does not return any value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A data object is a region of storage that can hold, represent, or store data, often taking various forms depending on the context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quicksort divides the array into smaller sub-arrays based on a pivot, while merge sort splits arrays into smaller subarrays, sorts them, and then merges them back together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Counting sort utilizes a limited range of input values by counting occurrences, while radix sort organizes integers by individual digits based on their significant positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of a data structure is an array, which organizes and stores data in a sequential format to allow efficient data retrieval and manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An object in object-oriented programming encapsulates both data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on that data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparison-based sorting algorithms sort elements by comparing their values, determining their order through such comparisons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-comparison based sorting algorithms can achieve linear time complexity for sorting, which is faster than the best comparison-based algorithms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A database record represents a single unit of structured data stored in a database table, making it a data object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>JSON objects represent data as key-value pairs, facilitating easy serialization and deserialization for data exchange between systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In graph theory, nodes and edges are data objects that represent entities and their relationships, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensor readings represent data collected from IoT devices, such as temperature or motion, and are categorized as data objects because they hold measurable data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A non-linear data structure is defined as a structure where data elements are not arranged sequentially. Examples include trees and graphs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Algorithm analysis is significant as it evaluates the efficiency and performance characteristics of algorithms for specific data structures, guiding the choice of algorithms based on time and space complexities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Space complexity measures the amount of memory an algorithm uses relative to the input size, expressed with Big O notation. It helps assess memory consumption and is crucial when dealing with limited resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time complexity measures the growth of an algorithm's running time based on input size, providing an upper bound on execution time, which is essential for evaluating efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These analyses evaluate an algorithm's performance under different input scenarios, where best-case shows optimal performance, worst-case indicates the maximum time needed, and average-case represents expected performance across typical inputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In QuickSort, the best-case scenario occurs when the input data is already sorted or nearly sorted, resulting in faster execution. This is significant because it helps establish a lower bound for the algorithm's performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Big O notation represents the upper limit of an algorithm's running time or space requirements in relation to input size, helping to classify algorithms based on their efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analyzing both time and space complexities together ensures a holistic understanding of an algorithm's performance, allowing for better optimization based on resource constraints and execution speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A directed graph has edges with a defined direction, indicating one-way relationships between nodes, whereas an undirected graph has edges that represent bidirectional connections without direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A weighted graph assigns a weight or cost to each edge, representing attributes such as distances or costs, while a standard graph does not incorporate such weights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degree of a node is the number of edges connected to it. In undirected graphs, it is simply the total number of connections, while in directed graphs, it consists of in-degree (incoming edges) and out-degree (outgoing edges).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cycle in a graph is a path that begins and ends at the same node, forming a closed loop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tree is a connected graph that is acyclic, meaning it contains no cycles, and has a hierarchical structure with a single root node and unique parents for all other nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A connected graph has a path between every pair of nodes, ensuring that all nodes are reachable from one another. This property is significant for network reliability and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A forest is a collection of disjoint trees, meaning it can contain multiple separate tree structures, while a tree is a single connected acyclic graph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edges represent the connections or relationships between nodes in a graph. They can be weighted to convey additional information, such as distances or costs associated with those relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers