Data Structures: Heaps and Linked Lists

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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in creating a complete binary tree?

Keep repeating until you reach the last element.

Put the second element as the left child of the root node.

Put the next two elements as children of the left node.

Select the first element of the list to be the root node. (correct)

In the process of heapifying a binary tree, which of the following is set as the initial largest element?

The smallest child value.

The value at index zero.

The value at index i. (correct)

The largest child value.

To create a Max-Heap, which operation is performed on non-leaf nodes?

Add new nodes to the tree.

Remove values from the leaf nodes.

Increase the values of leaf nodes only.

Heapify from the first index of non-leaf node down to zero. (correct)

Which statement is true about a Min-Heap structure?

Both leftChild and rightChild must be larger than the parent. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What action is taken when the largest element is not the root during heapify?

Swap the values at index i and the largest index. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which operation is responsible for structuring a binary tree into a heap data structure?

Heapify (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a complete binary tree and the levels of elements?

Each level has twice the elements of the previous level. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the array index for the left child of a node at index i represent?

2i + 1 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the function 'find_data(int item)' in the circular linked list?

To search for a node containing a specific data item (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the function 'delete-first()' accomplish the deletion of the first node in a circular linked list?

It sets 'next' pointer of the last node to the second node (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the provided program, what will be printed if 'find_data(56)' is called?

56 found at position 5 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes one way to delete a node in a circular linked list?

By updating the pointers to bypass the node to be deleted (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the linked list if 'current->next' never points to 'head' in the 'find_data' function?

An infinite loop occurs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the line 'link->next = head;' when inserting a new node?

The last node's next pointer is redirected to the head (B) Signup and view all the answers

What would be the output format of the program before deletion?

Data = 10 Data = 20 Data = 30 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of linked list operations is described as involving deletion at specific positions?

Deletion Operations (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'next' field in a singly linked list node represent?

It points to the address of the next node in the list. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes how to insert a node at the beginning of a singly linked list?

The new node’s 'next' pointer should point to the new head. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about a circular linked list is accurate?

The tail of the list points to the head instead of NULL. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the 'head' pointer when a new node is inserted at the beginning of a singly linked list?

It is updated to point to the new node. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of a doubly linked list?

Each node has two pointers: one for the next node and another for the previous node. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the C programming structure definition for a singly linked list node, which line allocates memory for a new node?

struct node link = (struct node) malloc(sizeof(struct node)); (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'printList()' function in the linked list implementation?

To display all elements in the list. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of linked list allows for both forward and backward traversal?

Doubly linked list (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a priority queue?

Elements have assigned priorities dictating the order of processing. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction when creating a circular linked list compared to a singly linked list?

The last element points to the head. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In a descending priority queue, which element can be removed?

The element with the highest priority. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which data structure is most efficient for implementing a priority queue?

Heap (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which function is key for traversing a circular linked list effectively?

do-while loop (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a complete binary tree?

All levels are completely filled with nodes except the last. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the insert function do when the head of the circular linked list is NULL?

Creates a new node and sets the head to this new node. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of heap data structures, what does the max heap property ensure?

Every parent node is larger than its child nodes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for the do-while loop in the linkedListTraversal function to stop?

ptr's next equals head. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following operations is NOT typically supported by a priority queue?

Sort elements in ascending order (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the linkedListTraversal function?

To traverse and print the elements of the circular linked list. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens after the while loop in the insert function?

The new node is added after the last node. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is typically true about elements in a priority queue with the same priority?

They are processed in the order they were added. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does an ascending priority queue handle element removal?

Removes the element with the lowest priority. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it said that traversal operations in a circular linked list are similar to those in a linear linked list?

Both can be achieved using the same loop structure. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if the circular linked list is not properly constructed?

Traversal can lead to an infinite loop. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of a linked list compared to an array?

It allows dynamic memory allocation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does a linked list maintain the relationship between elements?

Each node contains a pointer to the next node. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What operation is primarily used to add an element into a linked list?

Insertion (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of arrays addressed by linked lists?

Automatic data type assignment. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would a linked list be a more suitable data structure than an array?

When frequently inserting and deleting elements. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of linked lists?

Performing operations on polynomials. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory allocation is unique to linked lists?

Dynamic memory allocation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to resize an array in use?

It requires reallocating continuous memory. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lab Manuals

Covering data structures and algorithms
Prepared by Prof. Noureldien A. Noureldien
Dated October 2024

Lists various lab topics and associated pages
Includes topics such as Linked Lists (singly and circular), Stacks, Queues, Priority Queues, Searching, Sorting (Bubble, Insertion, Selection), Hashing, and Programming Problems.

Lab (1): Linked Lists - Singly Linked List

Definition: A linked list is a linear collection of finite homogeneous data elements called nodes. The order is maintained by links or pointers.
Each element is stored separately called 'node' in memory.
List structure created by pointers that connect all nodes together.
Unlike arrays, linked list memory allocation is dynamic.
Applications include: representing polynomials and sparse matrices; implementing various data structures like stacks, queues, trees, etc; implementing dynamic memory allocation at runtime.

Lab (1): Linked Lists – Circular Linked Lists

Linked list where the last element points to the first element forming a circular chain.
No node points to NULL (no end node).
Operations similar to singly linked lists, but maintain an extra pointer.

Lab (1): Description

Demonstrate linked lists to solve problems.
Define linked lists, compare them to arrays, differentiate between different types, and write C codes to manipulate them.
Instructors' tasks include demonstrating C implementation, explaining concepts, and guiding students during coding and execution.

Lab (1): Representation of a Linked List

Visual representation of how linked list nodes (data and pointers) are interconnected for a given set of data.

Lab (1): Why use Linked Lists Over Arrays?

Addresses limitations of arrays regarding fixed size and time-consuming resizing.
Lists allow dynamic memory allocation for nodes, avoiding the need to shift data for insertions and deletions.

Lab (1.4): Applications of Linked Lists

Can represent polynomials
Represent sparse matrices
Implement stacks, queues, trees, and other data structures
Implemented for dynamic memory allocation

Lab (1.5): Operations Performed on Linked Lists

Described as insertion, deletion, display, search.

Lab (2): Linked Lists - Circular Linked Lists

Definition: A circular linked list is a linked list where the last element points to the first (head), creating a circular chain.
There's a head pointer, but no starting or ending pointer.
Traversal, insertion, deletion, and other operations similar to singly linked lists.

Lab (2.1): Circular Linked List

Definition: A circular linked list is a linked list where the last node points to the first.
This creates a circular chain, eliminating a NULL pointer at the end.

Lab (2.2): Operations on Circular Linked Lists

Traversal (starting from the head and traversing until the head is reached).
Other operations similar to the singly linked list logic.

Lab (2.3): Creating a Circular Linked List

Steps to create a circular list involve creating nodes and connecting the last node to the first.

Lab (2.1.1): Traversing

Pointer starts at the head, visits each node, and returns to the head.

Lab (2.4/Exercise 1): Searching a Circular Linked List

Basic steps to search a circular linked list for an element.

Lab (3): Stacks

A stack data structure follows the LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) principle.
Operations involve pushing (adding) elements to the top of the stack and popping (removing) elements from the top.

Lab (3.1): Introduction

Stack is a sequential data structure.
Insertion and deletion at the same end.
Useful in real life (e.g. a stack of books).
LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) order.
Top is the most frequently accessed element

Lab (3.2): Operations

Described as creation, is-empty, is-full, insertion(push), deletion (pop), and peek (not removing element)

Lab (3.3): Stack Implementation with Arrays

Uses arrays with a defined fixed size to store stack elements.
Efficient due to contiguous allocation.

Lab (3.4): Stack Insertion (push)

Algorithm for adding to the stack.
Checks if stack is full, exiting if true.
Increments top pointer, inserting data where needed.
Returns success.

Lab (3.5): Stack Deletion (pop)

Data retrieved from top location of the stack, when stack is not empty.
Decrements top pointer.
Returns the data.

Lab (3.6): Peek

Data retrieval from the stack's top without removal.

Lab (4): Queues

Definition: A queue follows the FIFO (First-In, First-Out) principle.
Elements enter at the rear and exit from the front.

Lab (4.1): Linear/FIFO Queues

Queue operations are insert at the rear (enqueue), delete from the front (dequeue), check emptiness, and check fullness.

Lab (4.2): Queue-Array Operations

Algorithm operations such as, creation, isEmpty, isFull, insertAtRear, deleteFromFront, peek.

Lab (4.3): Queue-Array Implementation

Uses arrays for queue implementation,
Rear & front indices keep track of last insert & last delete position.

Lab (4.4): Circular Queue

Circular queue is a queue that has elements linked in a circular manner which follow the FIFO (First in, First Out) principle.
Different operations for a circular queue.

Lab (4.5): Dequeue Operation

Algorithm to remove an element from the front of the circular queue.

Lab (4.6): Enqueue Operation

Steps for inserting an element at rear of a circular queue.

Lab (5): Priority Queues

Priority queue elements are arranged by priority and deleted according to priority.

Lab (5.1): Introduction

Priority queue is a data structure
Elements are inserted arbitrarily but only the element with the highest priority can be removed (descending priority queue).

Lab (5.2): Priority Queue Operations

Operations on priority queues include insert, peek, and extract maximum

Lab (5.3): Implementation of Priority Queue as a Heap

Priority queue can be implemented using different data structures.
A Heap is a complete binary tree where the value of each node is greater than or equal to the values of its children.
A Heap data structure is an efficient implementation for priority queues.

Lab (5.4): Heap Data Structure

Complete binary tree satisfies the heap property.

Lab (5.5): Complete Binary Tree

A binary tree where all levels are completely filled except possibly the lowest one, which is filled from left to right.
Complete binary trees can also be used to implement priority queues.

Lab (6): Searching

Discusses linear and binary search algorithms.
Searching algorithm steps and methods.

Lab (7): Bubble Sort

Describes algorithms for arranging data in an ascending or descending order
Implementation steps for bubble sort

Lab (8): Insertion and Selection Sort

Sorting algorithms for arranging numbers in ascending or descending order.

Lab (8.1): Insertion Sort

Description of the algorithm steps.
How the algorithm works via an example (shows the step by step process of sorting an array of integers using insertion sort).

Lab (8.2): Selection Sort

Explanation of the algorithm logic
Step-by-step demonstration using an Example (how it works)

Lab (9): Hashing

Discusses hashing, including its operations (insertion, deletion, and searching), algorithms, and their advantages/disadvantages.

Lab (9.1): Hash functions

Hash functions map keys to addresses within a structure like arrays (hash table).
Criteria for a suitable hash function: easy to compute and uniform distribution of hash addresses to minimize collisions.

Lab (12): Programming Problems

Contains programming problems related to linked lists, like deleting a middle node.

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Description

Test your knowledge on heaps and circular linked lists with this quiz. Questions cover the properties, operations, and functions related to these essential data structures. Perfect for students and enthusiasts looking to deepen their understanding of binary trees and linked lists.