Data Structures and Algos

Data Structures & Algorithms - I (CS-241)

• Degree refers to the number of children of a node in a tree.
• A left-skewed binary tree is a binary tree where most nodes have only a left child.
• Height balance tree inquire about what the height balance tree is
• Graphs have applications in representing networks and relationships between entities, like social networks or transportation routes.
• Topological sorting arranges the nodes in a directed acyclic graph in such an order that for every directed edge from node A to node B, node A appears before node B in the ordering.
• A bucket is a storage unit used in hashing to hold multiple key-value pairs that hash to the same index.
• A collision happens when two separate keys in a hash table result in the identical index location, need to be settled by collision resolution approaches.
• A complete binary tree is a binary tree where every level, except possibly the last, is completely filled, and all nodes in the last level are as far left as possible.
• A weighted graph involves a graph where each edge is given a numerical value or weight representing the "cost" or "distance" of travelling that edge
• Open addressing concept in hash tables states about resolving collisions by probing or looking over alternate mobile locations in the table until finding an empty slot.
• Inorder traversal visits the left subtree, then the root, and then the right subtree.
• Postorder traversal visits the left subtree, then the right subtree, and then the root.
• B+ trees involve a balanced tree data framework utilized for indexing in databases, where data pointers are stored in the leaf nodes, and internal nodes contain keys for routing.
• B-trees mean a self-balancing tree data structure that maintains sorted data and allows lookups, insertions, and deletions in logarithmic time.
• Indegree states about the number of edges going into a vertex.
• Outdegree describes the number of edges going out of the vertex.
• Hashing states about changing keys into index locations in a hash table.
• Rehashing points to the process of resizing the hash table and redistributing its components when the table becomes too full.
• A Red-Black tree means a self-balancing binary search tree where each node is colored red or black, preserving balance during insertions and losses.

Computer Networks - I (CS-242)

• Data communication components involve a sender, receiver, transmission medium, message, and protocol.
• Data communication refers to interchange of data between two devices through transmitting medium
• Protocols involve the rules that direct data communication between systems.
• Two channelization protocols are TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).
• Wireless LAN is utilized for internet admittance in houses and offices.
• Bandwidth is the range of frequencies available for data transmission, determining the maximum data transfer rate.
• Congestion is a situation in a network when a node or link carries so much data that its quality of service worsens.
• Routing involves the process of selecting the best path for data packets to travel from source to destination in a network.
• A Port number is that numerical value recognizing a particular process or service operating on a computer.
• Internetworking is the method of connecting diverse computer networks by routers that gives end-to-end interaction.
• A computer network is a combination of devices connected for data sharing.
• LAN advantages are resource sharing and conversation.
• The maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel can be calculated using the Nyquist formula.
• Bluetooth technology is utilized in wireless headphones, hands-free car kits and wireless keyboards/mice.
• The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is theoretic, with 7 layers.
• The TCP/IP model is pragmatic, with 4 layers
• Design issues of the data link layer involve framing, error control, and flow control.
• The Network layer provides services such as routing, and addressing.
• Fast Ethernet has a rate of 100 Mbps.
• Gigabit Ethernet has a rate of 1 Gbps
• IPv6 protocol eight features involve increased address space, header format, and improved security.
• TCP supports characteristics like flow control, error detection, and congestion control.
• The datagram format of UDP includes header and data sections, providing unreliable and connectionless transportation.
• Pulling means retrieving information for data.

Mathematics (MTC-241)

• Homogeneous coordinates represent points in a projective space.
• The area of a transformed object can scale based on the transformation matrix.
• Foreshortening factor describes the matrix for axonometric projection and how lengths are shortened in the projection.
• Direction cosines are the cosines of the angles between the plane's normal vector and the coordinate axes.
• Axonometric parallel projections change with the angle and direction with which the object is projected onto the plane.
• Projection in three-dimensional space states about mapping 3D points to a 2D plane.
• Pure rotation in two-dimensional space preserves distance from the origin.
• The center of the transformed circle can be obtained by applying the translation to the original center.
• Concatenated transformations combine multiple transformations into a single matrix.
• A Be'zier curve is determined by control points that explain the shape of the curve.

Mathematics (MTC-242)

• The Northwest Corner Rule is a method for finding a feasible solution to a transportation problem.
• A dual form transforms a primal linear programming problem into another form for easier solving.
• Degeneracy in the transportation problem happens when the number of occupied cells is less than needed.
• The mathematical formulation of the assignment problem involves defining the objective function and constraints.
• In linear programming: minimize Z = x₁ + x₂ + x₃ subject to x₁ - 3x₂ + 4x₃ = 5, x₁ - 2x₂ ≤ 3, 2x₁ - x₃ ≥ 4, and x₁, x₂, x₃ ≥ 0.
• Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) is a heuristic that computes initial basic feasible solution.
• An assignment problem seeks the cheapest way to assign personnel to machines.
• Big-M method comes to solve linear programming problems.
• Linear programming problems are solved graphically.
• An optimal solution describes the modified distribution method.
• The simplex method comes to solve the linear problem.

Electronics (ELC-241)

• An embedded system involves a dedicated function.
• SoC stands for System on a Chip, incorporating all components of a system.
• Raspbian OS is a Linux distribution for Raspberry Pi.
• Logical operators in Python involve and, or, and not.
• GPIO-cleanup() Function involves resetting the GPIO pins to default state.
• Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors describe motion.
• Single Board Computer: the microchip works as the brain alongside the other components.
• break statement stops the cycle. pass is a null process. continue statement skips current cycle.
• try block tests a code. range() generates a series of numbers.

Electronics (ELC-242)

• Techniques to avoid neighboring base stations interference include frequency reuse and cell splitting.
• Active RFID tags use a battery.
• A tree topology is not supported by Zigbee networks.
• IoT means Internet of Things which involves physical appliances.
• M2M communication involves appliance-to-appliance.
• Two internet of things challenges are security and scalability.
• Wireless technologies like bluetooth and Zigbee may communicate without wires over short distances.
• Three GPS segments are space, control, and user.
• GPS error sources include atmospheric delays and clock errors.
• Wired communication uses physical cables.
• Wireless communication sends the data without physical wires.
• "Handoff" is a change in cellular telephony system.

Language Communication - II (AECC-II)

• This section deals with questions relate to communications and how to express ideas.

Environmental Science (AECC)

• Air pollution involves releasing contaminants into the atmosphere that risks human health and the environment.
• Solid waste management involves amassing, transporting, processing, and discarding of solid waste materials.
• The major aim of the Kyoto Protocol reduces greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change.
• Two gases principally responsible for acid rain are sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
• Human wildlife conflict involves interaction with wild species.
• The chipko movement worked for forest conservation.