Data Structure Unit 1: Data and Information

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Questions and Answers

What is the formula to calculate the size of an array?

lb - ub + 1

lb + ub

ub - lb + 1 (correct)

ub × lb

In a linked list, what is the special value contained in the last node?

NODE

END

NULL (correct)

LINK

What is the order of removal of elements in a stack?

LIFO (Last In First Out) (correct)

FIFO (First In First Out)

LILO (Last In Last Out)

FILO (First In Last Out)

What is the name given to a queue data structure?

FIFO list Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a tree data structure?

Hierarchical relationship between elements Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the relationship between elements in a graph data structure?

Non-Hierarchical Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a stack and a queue data structure?

Insertion at one end and deletion at the other end Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the end of a linked list?

NULL Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between data and information?

Data is raw, while information is processed Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a data structure?

To enable efficient access and modification of data Signup and view all the answers

What are the different forms of data representation?

Images, Text, Numbers, and Audio and Video Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of understanding data structures in computer science?

To enable problem-solving step by step Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a data structure?

It is a mathematical or logical model of data Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between primitive and non-primitive data structures?

Primitive is simple, while non-primitive is complex Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a non-primitive data structure?

Graph Signup and view all the answers

Why is data structure necessary in computer science?

To enable data processing and manipulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between linear and non-linear data structures?

The sequence in which data is arranged Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Data Structure Study?

Operations performed on data and memory requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is an Abstract Data Type?

A set of values and a set of operations that can be applied to them Signup and view all the answers

Why is file organization important?

It determines the method of access and efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a linear and a non-linear data structure in terms of implementation?

Difficulty of implementation Signup and view all the answers

What is the relation between items in a non-linear data structure?

Each item is attached to many other items Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of finding the presence of a desired data item in a list of data items?

Searching Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an algorithm?

To solve a particular problem Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an algorithm that ensures it terminates after executing a certain finite number of steps?

Finiteness Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of combining two sorted lists into a single sorted list?

Merging Signup and view all the answers

What is the operation that destroys memory space allocated for a specific data structure?

Destroying Signup and view all the answers

What are the two basic requirements to solve any problem?

Data and Algorithm Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors to decide an efficient algorithm?

Programming, Space, and Time Requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of analyzing an algorithm?

To solve a problem efficiently Signup and view all the answers

What must an algorithm satisfy to be effectively implemented in a programming language?

The programming features of the language Signup and view all the answers

What is the space requirement related to storing variables and constants in an algorithm?

It is allocated dynamically and not fixed Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding the time requirement of an algorithm important?

To ensure the execution time is within acceptable limits Signup and view all the answers

How is complexity of an algorithm defined?

It quantifies time and/or space required for a given input size Signup and view all the answers

What does time complexity indicate for an algorithm?

The time taken as a function of the input length Signup and view all the answers

What impact does high time and space requirement have on algorithm complexity?

It increases the complexity of the algorithm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding space required by instructions is accurate?

It remains unchanged during execution Signup and view all the answers

What determines the execution time of an algorithm?

The size of the algorithm and the machine/processor Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Data and Information

Data refers to a collection of raw facts and figures that lack meaning.
Information is processed data that has meaning, derived from data manipulation.
Forms of data representation include images, text, numbers, audio, and video.

Difference between Data and Information

Data is individual unrefined facts; information is refined output with logical meaning.
Data records provide observations; information is based on analysis and context.

Data Structure

Defined as a way to organize, manage, and store data for efficient access and modification.
Describes relationships among data values and functions applicable to the data.
Can be viewed as a mathematical or logical model for organizing data items.

Need for Data Structure

Essential for effective computer operation, including data representation and access methods.
Helps in systematic problem-solving and data manipulation.

Types of Data Structures

Primitive: Basic data types like integers, floats, and characters.
Non-Primitive: More complex structures such as linear and non-linear data types.

Short Description of Various Data Structures

Array: A linear collection of a finite number of data elements; indexed for easy access.
Linked List: A collection of nodes where each node contains a pointer to the next; useful for dynamic data.
Stack: A collection where insertion and deletion occur at one end (top), following Last In First Out (LIFO) principle.
Queue: A collection where insertion occurs at one end and deletion at the other, following First In First Out (FIFO).
Tree: A non-linear structure representing hierarchical relationships, where elements can have multiple child nodes.
Graph: A non-linear data structure representing relationships without a strict hierarchy, consisting of nodes and edges.

Characteristics of Data Structures

Linear sequences allow straightforward traversal and easy implementation.
Non-linear structures feature connections to multiple items, enabling more complex relationships.

Data Structure Study Topics

Memory required to store data.
Time required for data processing.
Representation of data in memory.
Operations performed on data.

Different Data Types

Primitive Data Type: Deals with basic vales and operations.
Abstract Data Type: Concerns set values and operations without focusing on implementation.

File Organization (FO)

Refers to how data is stored in files, affecting access methods, efficiency, and storage flexibility.

Importance of Algorithms

Algorithms consist of finite steps designed to solve specific problems, manipulating data structures effectively.

Characteristics of an Algorithm

Input: Requires specific data to function.
Process: Performs operations on input data.
Output: Produces resulting data.
Finiteness: Must terminate after a finite number of steps.
Effectiveness: Each operation must contribute to solving the problem.

Algorithm Analysis Requirements

Efficient problem-solving relies on suitable data structures and well-chosen algorithms.
Factors affecting algorithm efficiency include programming requirements, space requirements, and time requirements.

Space and Time Requirements of an Algorithm

Space Requirements: Dictated by data storage needs for variables and instructions, including dynamic allocations.
Time Requirements: Estimating execution time is vital for assessing program performance against acceptable limits.

Complexity of an Algorithm

Measures time and space requirements based on input size.
Time complexity assesses execution time as a function of input length.
Space complexity quantifies memory usage based on input length.
Lower time and space requirements equate to lower algorithm complexity.

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Description

Learn about the fundamental concepts of data and information, including data representation forms such as images, text, numbers, and audio/video. Understand the difference between data and information.