Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the sample rate used for musical CDs to achieve quality sound reproduction?
What is the sample rate used for musical CDs to achieve quality sound reproduction?
What bit depth is commonly used for the data obtained from each sample in music CDs?
What bit depth is commonly used for the data obtained from each sample in music CDs?
Which of the following best describes the current mantra for data collection in data science?
Which of the following best describes the current mantra for data collection in data science?
What is one reason for the significant growth in data collection for businesses?
What is one reason for the significant growth in data collection for businesses?
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What is one expectation from the data that is gathered, regardless of its original purpose?
What is one expectation from the data that is gathered, regardless of its original purpose?
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What is the primary purpose of pseudocode?
What is the primary purpose of pseudocode?
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In the context of finding the largest of two numbers, what is the outcome if A is greater than B?
In the context of finding the largest of two numbers, what is the outcome if A is greater than B?
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Which of the following describes the flowchart symbol used in the example?
Which of the following describes the flowchart symbol used in the example?
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Which programming languages are mentioned as suitable for writing the source code to find the largest number?
Which programming languages are mentioned as suitable for writing the source code to find the largest number?
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What step comes immediately after reading the two numbers in the pseudocode?
What step comes immediately after reading the two numbers in the pseudocode?
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What is one of the main challenges in data science related to the complexity of data?
What is one of the main challenges in data science related to the complexity of data?
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Which industry is identified as an example where data scientists can work?
Which industry is identified as an example where data scientists can work?
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What is a primary responsibility of data scientists?
What is a primary responsibility of data scientists?
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In what way can a data scientist contribute to a hospital's operations?
In what way can a data scientist contribute to a hospital's operations?
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Which of these is NOT listed as a motivating challenge in data science?
Which of these is NOT listed as a motivating challenge in data science?
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What is the main goal of churn prediction for telephone customers?
What is the main goal of churn prediction for telephone customers?
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What is one of the attributes used to predict customer loyalty in churn prediction?
What is one of the attributes used to predict customer loyalty in churn prediction?
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In the context of classifying sky objects, what is the purpose of segmenting the image?
In the context of classifying sky objects, what is the purpose of segmenting the image?
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How many attributes are measured per object in sky survey cataloging?
How many attributes are measured per object in sky survey cataloging?
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What kind of model is used for predicting the class of transactions in credit card fraud detection?
What kind of model is used for predicting the class of transactions in credit card fraud detection?
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What is the data size of the object catalog mentioned for classifying galaxies?
What is the data size of the object catalog mentioned for classifying galaxies?
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What is a common application of regression analysis?
What is a common application of regression analysis?
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What kind of transactions are labeled in credit card fraud detection?
What kind of transactions are labeled in credit card fraud detection?
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What happens if the computer is shared among multiple users?
What happens if the computer is shared among multiple users?
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What is the role of an address in main memory?
What is the role of an address in main memory?
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What is the size of a byte in bits?
What is the size of a byte in bits?
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Which type of RAM needs to be constantly refreshed by the CPU?
Which type of RAM needs to be constantly refreshed by the CPU?
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Which of the following correctly defines a bit?
Which of the following correctly defines a bit?
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What is the purpose of using NYC Taxi Cab Data?
What is the purpose of using NYC Taxi Cab Data?
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What is the equivalent of 1 Gigabyte in bytes?
What is the equivalent of 1 Gigabyte in bytes?
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Which memory type allows data to be changed?
Which memory type allows data to be changed?
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Which of the following tasks is an example of classification?
Which of the following tasks is an example of classification?
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Which bit is considered the most significant bit in a memory cell?
Which bit is considered the most significant bit in a memory cell?
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What is the main goal in the classification task of fraud detection?
What is the main goal in the classification task of fraud detection?
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Which application of classification involves identifying malicious activity in a digital environment?
Which application of classification involves identifying malicious activity in a digital environment?
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What type of data is used in the classification example of predicting tumor cells?
What type of data is used in the classification example of predicting tumor cells?
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In predictive modeling, what does the class attribute represent?
In predictive modeling, what does the class attribute represent?
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Which factor is NOT directly related to the analysis of NYC Taxi Cab Data?
Which factor is NOT directly related to the analysis of NYC Taxi Cab Data?
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What outcome might be analyzed to determine if faster drivers receive better tips?
What outcome might be analyzed to determine if faster drivers receive better tips?
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Study Notes
Data Storage
- Data storage is a broad topic encompassing several levels of memory
- This ranges from individual bits to mass storage devices.
1.1 Bits and Their Storage
- A Central Processing Unit (CPU) has two main parts, a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
- The control unit directs operations across the computer
- The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) executes arithmetic (+, -, ÷, x) and logical (AND, OR, XOR, NOT) operations.
- Registers are temporary storage areas in the CPU that hold instructions or data. -Registers are faster than main memory
- Registers are used for storing data, accepting data, and transferring data to and from memory.
Data Representation
- Bits (binary digits) are used to represent numbers, text characters, images, and sound.
Boolean Operations
- Boolean operations manipulate true/false values.
- Key Boolean operations include AND, OR, XOR (exclusive or), and NOT.
- Truth tables are used to define the behavior of these operations.
Gates
- Gates are electronic circuits that perform Boolean operations.
- They are the basic building blocks of computers
- VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) is used to construct computers from these building blocks.
Storage Hierarchy
- Registers hold data immediately used with an operation.
- Main memory stores data and programs for immediate to near future access.
- Auxiliary memory stores data and programs for later use.
Binary Notation
- Binary notation uses 0s and 1s to represent numeric values, as opposed to the decimal system (0-9).
1.2 Main Memory
- Main memory is also called primary memory, internal storage, or primary storage.
- It temporarily holds instructions and data for the currently running program.
- Contents are lost if the computer power is turned off (volatile).
- Main memory is used to store instructions, data for running programs
Memory Cells
- A cell is a unit of main memory, typically 8 bits which is one byte.
- Most significant bit is the left-most bit in a memory cell
- Least significant bit is the right-most bit in a memory cell
Memory Addresses
- Each memory location has a unique address.
- Used by the CPU to store data and retrieve data from a particular location
- Addresses are typically numerical (though symbolic can be used as well).
Bits, Bytes, and Words
- A bit is a binary digit (0 or 1).
- A byte consists of 8 bits.
- Units of measurement for data storage: -1 kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes -1 megabyte (MB)=1024 kilobytes -1 gigabyte (GB) = 1024 megabytes -1 terabyte (TB) =1024 gigabytes -1 petabyte (PB) = 1024 terabytes
RAM and ROM
- RAM (Random Access Memory) has two types SRAM and DRAM.
- SRAM is faster, static, and not constantly refreshed.
- DRAM is used in most PCs, dynamic, and constantly refreshed by the CPU.
- ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile and data cannot be changed.
1.3 Mass Storage
- Mass storage, also called secondary storage.
- Includes Magnetic disk(Floppy Disks, Hard Disks, Tape) and Optical disk (Compact disks, DVD-ROM, Blue-ray Disks), and Flash Drives (Secure Digital (SD) Memory Card)
Data Organization in Hard Disks
- Data is organized into: -Tracks -Sectors -Clusters -Cylinders
Disk Access Speed
-
Access time is the time it takes to access data from a disk. It is determined by seek time + rotational delay + data transfer
-
Magnetic Tape Storage
-
Data is stored as small magnetic spots. -3.5-inch tape wound on a reel
-
3.5-inch tape in data cartridge
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Cassette tapes
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Tape capacity is measured in characters per inch (CPI) or bytes per inch (BPI).
-
Uses two (read/write and erase) heads
Storage categories comparison
- Disks are reliable and data is accessible directly
- Magnetic tapes are inexpensive, but data is accessed sequentially
Optical disk storage
- Metallic materials are spread over the surface of the disk.
- A laser hits the surface to create spots representing Os and 1s
Compact Disks
- CD-ROM drives only read data from CDs,
- CD-ROM stores about 700 MB per disk
- CD-R drives write to a disk only once
- CD-RW drives can erase and record repeatedly
Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
- DVD drives can read CD-ROMs and have higher capacity than CDs.
Blue-Ray Disks
- Higher storage capacity than DVDs, with comparable speeds.
Flash Memory
-Nonvolatile RAM.
- Uses flash chips, commonly found in cellular phones and digital cameras.
- Requires less power and smaller than disk drives.
- Examples are Secure Digital (SD) Memory cards
Files
- Files are units of data in mass storage systems
- Consists of fields and key fields
- A physical record conforms with characteristics of the storage
- Logical records naturally occur as paragraphs or pages (logical divisions of files)
- Data such as characters, fields, records, and files make up Databases
File Storage and Retrieval
- Key is an identifying record (or set of records)
- A buffer holds data temporarily during transfer.
1.4 Representation of Information as Bit Patterns
- Information—text, numbers, images and sound—is represented in computers as bit patterns.
• Representing Text
- ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) uses 7-bit patterns. -Unicode uses 16-bit patterns, allowing representation of a wider range of characters than ASCII
• Representing Numbers
- Computers use binary notation to represent numerical values.
- Overflow and truncation can occur when using numbers too large/too small for the binary system
• Representing Images
- Bitmaps represent images as a grid of pixels.
- Shades of gray and color images are represented by combining bits within each pixel
• Representing Sound
- Sound is represented by sampling the amplitude of the sound wave at regular intervals.
- The data acquired from samples is represented in binary format
- Higher sample rates and bit depth result in higher quality sound reproduction
Large-Scale Data
- The amount of data, from commercial and scientific sources, has grown significantly.
- This growth results from advancements in data generation and collection technologies
Data Science
- Data science combines aspects of computer science, math, and statistics.
Skill sets for Data Science
Combining computer science skills, math/statistics skills, data science, and domain expertise is essential in the field
Classifying Tasks
- Predict credit card fraud in transactions
- Predict customer churn in telephone contracts
- Classify sky objects (stars/galaxies) from celestial surveys
Regression Tasks
- Predicting sales amount based on expenditure factors.
- Estimating wind speeds, using environmental variables like temperature, humidity, etc.
- Predicting stock market indices using trends in historical data values.
Clustering Tasks
- Segmenting market based on customer attributes (e.g., location, lifestyle).
- Grouping documents that shares common terms, to improve information retrieval and other data mining operations -Analyzing and summarizing large data sets. (e.g., classifying geographical areas based on different factors)
Data Science
- Dealing with large scale data -Analyzing large datasets for information.
- Creating models based on data that can predict information
- Applying data to real world issues.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the sample rates used in music CDs, the fundamentals of data collection in data science, and pseudocode logic. This quiz covers key concepts that bridge the worlds of audio quality and modern data practices. Prepare to challenge yourself on various topics related to music technology and data science.
