Data Representation and Compression

Data Types in Computer Science

• Data types examples include integers, floats, characters, and Booleans.

Data vs. Information

• Data represents basic facts.
• Information refers to data that has been organized or processed for practical use.

Analog vs. Digital Data

• Analog data is continuous in nature.
• Digital data is discrete.

Data Compression

• Data compression reduces bandwidth requirements for data storage and sharing.

Lossless Data Compression

• With Lossless data compression the data remains that can be retrieved exactly as it was prior to compression.

ASCII Character Set

• The primary function for ASCII is to represent text in binary form using 7 or 8 bits.

Unicode vs. ASCII

• Unicode can represent characters from every language globally, unlike ASCII.

Text Compression: Keyword Encoding

• This method replaces frequently used words with a single character.

Run-Length Encoding

• This process involves replacing repeated sequences of characters with a flag and a count.

Importance of Data Type Understanding

• Understanding data types is essential for writing maintainable code.
• It aids in memory management and prevents errors in the code.

Data Storage in Computers

• Data is stored as a series of binary digits (1s and 0s).

Digital Conversion Challenges

• Analog data has to be converted to be represented digitally.

ASCII Limits

• The original ASCII character set can represent a maximum of 128 characters.

Eighth Bit in ASCII

• In the original ASCII character set, the eighth bit is used to check for errors during data transmission.

Huffman Encoding Application

• Huffman encoding is used for compressing text data.
• It compresses data by assigning variable-length bit strings to characters.

Analog Data Defined

• Analog data is represented in a continuous and variable form.

ASCII Defined

• ASCII employs numeric values to represent symbols, letters, and numbers.

Bandwidth Context

• Bandwidth refers to the maximum data transfer rate across a network.

Binary Number System

• It represents data using only two digits, zero and one.

Boolean Expressions

• A Boolean expression is a logical statement that can only be true or false.

Character Definition: Programming

• A character is a single letter, digit, or symbol used in writing text.

Compression Ratio Measurement

• The "compression ratio" measures how much the data has been reduced in size.

Data Definition: Computing

• Data include raw facts and figures that can be processed to produce meaningful information.

Data Compression Explained

• Data compression reduces data size to save space or reduce transmission time.

Declaration: Purpose in Programming

• A "declaration" in programming defines the type and name of a variable or function.

Digital Data Explained

• Digital data uses discrete binary values (0s and 1s).

Use of Floating Point

• "Floating point" is used to represent fractional parts, real numbers that can have fractional parts.

Defining Information

• "Information" refers to data that has been organized or processed in a meaningful way.

Overflow Defined

• Overflow is when a computation exceeds the maximum value a variable can contain.

String Defined

• A "string" is a sequence of characters treated as a single data element.

Strong Typing

• "Strong typing" entails explicitly declaring the data type of a variable.

Purpose of Signed-Magnitude Representation

• "Signed-magnitude representation" represents positive and negative numbers using one bit for the sign.

Reclocking Explained

• "Reclocking" refreshes timing signals in digital data.
• It ensures synchronization and accuracy of data.

Fractional Parts Data Types

• Represent numbers with fractional parts typically use Real (floating-point) data type.

Radix Point Explained

• A "radix point" is the decimal point separating fractional and integer parts in a number system.

Definition of Data in Computing

• Data encompasses all text, numbers, and other material processed by a computer.

Variable Declaration Requirements

• Declaration requirements include data type, identifier, and an optional initial value.

Significance of Type Safety

• Type safety ensures variables are used consistently with their declared data types.

String to Number Error

• A string being assigned to a numeric type causes a type error.

Variable Truth

• Variables can only hold one value at a time.

Unnamed String Constant

• "Hello" exemplifies an unnamed string constant.

Identifier Defined

• An identifier is a given name to a function, variable, or other item in code.

Variable Name Convention

• Variable names must start with a letter.

Binary Operators

• Binary operators require two operands.

Assignment Operator Defined

• The assignment operator (=) assigns a value to a variable.

Alphanumeric value Defined

• Alphanumeric values comprise both letters and numbers.

Binary Operator Examples

• The plus sign (+) represents a binary operator.

Camel Casing Defined

• Camel casing is the process of the first letter being lowercase and subsequent words starting with a capital letter.

Garbage in Programming explained

• Garbage in programming relates to unused or leftover data in program memory.

Hungarian Notation Explained

• For Hungarian notation, names start with a prefix that indicates the variable’s type.

Variable Initialization

• Initializing a variable assigns a value to it during its declaration.

Kebob Case Explained

• Words are all lowercase and separated by hyphens in kebob case.

Keyword Reserved

• Programming languages have Keywords (reserved words) with specific meaning that cannot be used as an identifier.

Right-to-Left Associativity

• Right-to-left associativity is the order in which operations are performed in an expression, processed from right to left, this does not apply to arithmetic.

Snake casing Defined

• Snake casing involves words in lowercase are separated by underscores.

Understanding Algorithms

• An algorithm represents a set of step-by-step instructions designed to perform a specific task.

Pseudocode Defined

• A simple language and basic programming ideas are used by pseudocode to express algorithms.

Pseudocode "IF" Statements

• In pseudocode, using "IF" statements allows you take action based on a condition that allows you to take action.

Pseudocode iteration

• Repetition represents a construct in Pseudocode that allows instructions to be repeated.

Pseudocode "WHILE" Loops

• The purpose of a "WHILE" loop is to execute instruction multiple times when a condition is met.

Pseudocode "Counter" Loops

• In the code "While (counter < limit)", the counter represents the maximum value allowed for the input on operations.

Pseudocode "ELSE" loops

• Using the "ELSE" function indicates an action to take when the "IF" function is false.

Displaying output with Pseudocode

• Pseudocode displays output using "Write" or "Print".

Pseudocode Loop Problem

• A "While (not done)" function presents a problem by not specifying when to stop or break the loop.

Infinite error correction for Pseudocode

• A method to increment the number of pairs read in a loop gets a pair of value inputs and prevents an infinite loop.

Algorithm Abstract

• Abstract steps describe what is needed without detailing how to perform a high-level action.

Algorithm Defined

• An algorithm is a set of instructions designed to either perform a task or solve a problem.

Algorithms: Branches

• A branch refers to the decision point where the performance of various actions is based on conditions.

Understanding Infinite loops

• "Infinite loops" have no exit condition.

Input context

• Input references data provided to a program for processing.

Loop Control Variable Defined

• Loop control variables indicates whether loops will stop or continue.

Programmed nested structure

• A nested structured, includes a control structure placed inside another control structure.

Defining pretest loops

• A pertest loop evaluates conditions before executing the loop body.

Selections importance to Programming

• Using selection allows different actions based on conditions.

The use of Pseudocode

• It is used to outline program logic in a format that has been simplified and easy to read.

Number Computations

• Computers execute binary values to accomplish computation.

Mathematical Operations

• A binary operation (*) normally performs multiplication.

Purpose of Parenthesis

• To indicate the order in which operations are carried out.

Precedence rules context

• It dictates the order in which operations occur in the same statement.

Precedence Operations

• For Arithmetic operations, Parenthesis is evaluated first.

Arithmetic operations

• Left to right operations when same precedence is used.

Term Magic

• Refers to a hard coded number without explanation.

Constant defined

• Value that is unchangeable with variable name.

Context defined

• "Overhead" indicates that memory, time, or resources exceed the core tasks.

Statements

• Causes difficult to find logical errors.

The point for data

• Defines the data for variable to hold.

Correct point

• Named storage locations with data held.

The construct points

• Loops, conditionals, and functions are all programming constructs that help to control the flow of a program.

Mathematical Operator

• The equal sign is not a mathematical operator.

Precedence point

• The order of operation in an expression.

Correct point of operators

• Addition/subtraction which are used in certain binary operations.

Understanding operator

• Precedence order.

Point truth statement

• Binary operator requires two operands which is true based on each side of the operator.

Correct statement

• The data position to accessed numbers.

Understanding an Goal

• Reduction of complexity by hiding operations.

Removal context

• Operation done in use cases for item removal in stack? = push

Stack context

• An array is an arrangement of components located in a contiguous memory block.

Order

• Lists should stored with certain order.

Push process

• Stored in stack and add process with function.

Sort

• The items follow sorting structure.

Algorithm

• It the part that stores and transfers.

Parameter

• Identifier that stores information that is passed.

Argument

• Variable that called when passed.

Purpose context

• Increase organization of codE.

Link list

• Collection where each link connects to next.

Edit use case

• Last in first out.

Commonly Point

• Function

Design context

• To define is to reduce complexity.

Data

• Blueprint are operations implemented

Array Defined

• Block Position and index is its feature in how its arranged.

Composite

• Can hold multiple pieces under one name.

Data container

• Uses methods to add, remove, and access its items.

data structure

• Organizes and stores for the ease of access in memory.

LinksList

• Elements are linked with pointer.

L Structure

• Structures with elements connected by Links.

List defined

• a collection of data items arranged in a certain sequence.

Queue points

• Data follows the First in first out process.

Data record

• Is group together under one heading

Stack process

• Follows LIFO process.

Arguments and coding?

• Value passed by functions.

Values coding?

• Parameter to values the argument.

Parameter to list

• Its a group value with types inputted.

Reference codes

• It allows to modify the variable.

What context defines

• Is a portion of code which can be reused.

Type Context

It argument copy.

Data structure pointers

• Easy storing.

Code for data

• Easy debugging.

Allow functions

• Reuse.

OOP points

• Life, Data & operations.

Design point

• smaller in functions.

Classes context

• Defining a data collection by code.

Relation point

• The action take objects.

inheritance programming point

• Classes are defined based on attribute code.

Coding and characteristic

• No data only methods only.

Responsibility Collaboration

• Document key.

Coding Paradigm

• Define paradigm.

Design

• Using algorithm.

Responsibility

• Properties from class.

Language

• Hardware.

Assembly

• Compiler.

High level

• Before they execute.

Interpretation

• Execute step.

Object

• necessary classes.

Language paradigm

• Code programming.

key effectiveness

• The developer code structure.

Coding point

• Repeat multiple time.

Programming

• Repeat code on time.

Loop codes

• Case switch happens here.

Coding codes

• True or False.

Boolean statement

• Both Expression to boolean.

Object allows to

• Different classes the same.

Object inheritance

• Code in inheritance.

Operations character used

• Is flow allowed.

Bytecode point

• Executed by machine.

Compiler use

• Uses code.

Object oriented

• Pieces of codes.

Meaning Sensitivity

• Are upper and lower treated differently?

Coding is

• Ability to re code.

To Instaniate

• Object from class.

Method 2x Point

• Actions in the class.

Is

• Class is containing.

Stypings

• Variable can be defined.

Solve problems

• Hierarchy through the design with object orientation.

Focus

• The problem understanding in phase design.

Key success code point

• The accuracy to the solution Pseudocode- Inform code to describe algorithms Programming
• Solving: Task and abstraction point are import Test are very import
• Design code first Plan the LOGIC important point
• Logic first in cycle Compiler use lifecycle
• The translate to machine language Syntax is
• The order or command codes Debugging during
• Phase- the codes used Putting codes
• The organization code Phase used point
• Updating

Following standard ethic

• Transparency and honesty is key What
• The making decision

Important

• Societal.

Key ethical

• Preventing the bad and fighting.

What's

• Book point

Brand symbol

• The logos.

Point copyright

• Permission

Copyrights

• Death.

Image

• Presentation.

Crime context

• Identity.

Patents includes

• Profiting.

The trademark

• Ownership.

Used non use

• 5-6 Year.

Inventions

• Undisclosed Design Analysis
• To solve with structures and algo Code to write.
• Design structure. Maintenance good is needed.
• To keep functioning and debug. Testing checks correct output.
• Data processing. End is the person that will ultimately use system.
• Customer.

Identifying problems

• Is debugging. Point code.
• all code and support written. Programming
• Human coded low. Code Data types.
• Is blueprint to organize with no implementing.

Number code parts

• Collection with index. Composite number type.
• To hold group under name Codes to hold collections.
• Codes that helps with list add.

Linked List

• Where elements points forming next to chain. Queues
• Where first out first out used code Point attributes
• Info with data

Code points

• By Reference Point uses
• Data and types

Used copyright

• The original and create. Code to
• Platforms using digital spaces. Crimes
• Using online and computer Point is
• Providing access Property
• Design. File sharing
• Form file by share hacking Providing
• Exclusive the use of invention.

Network is

• Central use

piracy

• reproduction

Marks context

• Company phrase

Selection State

• Check Flow based.

What are essential

• Execution manages/loops.

Simple Variable

• Cannot be divided.

Code Features

• Spiced Event.

Event Loop

• Event variable (C).

Composite Variable

• (C) Array.

data to held, and also called.

• The heterogeneous side of a type.

Algorithm over search

• Faster in large stores of lists.

How, Algorithm codes?

• Recursively shorts and divides.

What algorithms uses elements for it?

• Bubbles sort for swapping.

Is a point character

• Building to correct position.

What Pseudocodes key

• To outline the steps.

Coding is.

• In English in short statement.

Start and Stop used

• Are start and stop to codes.

Coding

• geometric shapes represent Flow Shapes
• The diamond of sides How the operation divided by
• /Count for the method What cods are key used
• To write easier and modify Start of a flow cart
• oval.

Floating points

• Store with precision.

What does int do?

• Rounds two intergers.

Converse code point

• Casting type Covert process
• Code auto with the com Types coverts with what.
• Changing code with values new Reason key
• For interoperated point

Coding types

• Has point that enter that exit.

Boolean process

• Evaluate is true or false

Follow the structure

• Remains it What key do
• What key beforw.

What point cases

• Loop is falsed

What list

• Points item accessed and accessed

Process

• Divided halves

What one checking point

• Swaps code Point loops The counter

The coding

• Paper used

what points loops control

• The event condition

Homogeneous

• Different

what function means?

• The location

what insert point?

• It builds the code by adding.

what does point do?

• Desired results code.

Selection codes is.

• One from time unsorted.

sequential has.

• The element is list with what points and elements.