Data Networks Infrastructure Lecture 1

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Questions and Answers

What major factor in telecom networks involves the physical medium of connection?

Transmission Mode (correct)

Access Methodology

Protocol Standards

Network’s Topology

Which of the following describes what protocols are in networking?

The methods used for data encoding

The physical devices used to connect networks

The rules for connection and communication (correct)

The types of mobile devices connected

In which type of network topology does every node connect to a single central node?

Direct Connection

Hierarchical

Mesh

Star (correct)

Which of the following statements about IoT devices is correct?

There are currently over 10 billion IoT devices connected. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the access methodology in telecom networks?

The collection of communication protocols used Signup and view all the answers

What could be a reason for the rise of cloud technology in IT services?

Improvements in cybersecurity measures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transmission method for data in telecommunications?

Sequences of Bits Signup and view all the answers

Which type of entity is a Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)?

A local central office operator Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Local Access Transport Areas (LATA)?

To segment long-distance traffic after AT&T's breakup Signup and view all the answers

Which organization developed the OSI reference model?

International Standards Organization (ISO) Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the OSI model deals with the physical connection?

Physical layer Signup and view all the answers

In telecommunications, what does a protocol define?

The rules governing communication between components Signup and view all the answers

What type of calls are processed within the same LATA?

Local calls Signup and view all the answers

During network troubleshooting, what is the first layer an analyst typically examines?

Physical layer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the OSI model?

Telcom layer Signup and view all the answers

In a call involving different LATAs, what type of carrier is involved?

Long Distance Carrier (IXC) Signup and view all the answers

What function is primarily handled by transport layer protocols?

End-to-end error recovery Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is responsible for adding headers and trailers to the data stream?

Data Link Layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of network layer protocols?

Establishment and maintenance of network links Signup and view all the answers

Which component is used primarily at the physical layer?

Repeater Signup and view all the answers

In the context of networking, what is generally associated with the term 'frames'?

Data link layer protocols Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes TCP/IP's Application Layer from the transport layer?

It includes software applications like email Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is responsible for flow control between end users?

Transport Layer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the physical layer?

Packet addressing Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating sessions between user application programs?

Session Layer Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the Presentation Layer in the OSI model?

To provide data encryption and decryption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an application layer protocol?

EBCDIC Signup and view all the answers

What type of communication does the OSI model facilitate between networks or computers?

Peer-to-peer communication in common terms Signup and view all the answers

How many main functions are associated with the Session Layer as described in the content?

Five Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol is primarily associated with the Application Layer and is used for resolving domain names to IP addresses?

DNS Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the OSI model formats the message content and ensures it is received in the same format it was sent?

Presentation Layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Transport Layer in the OSI model?

To provide terminal-to-terminal reliability Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mobile Internet

By 2025, mobile connectivity could reach 4.3 billion additional users as telecom networks expand.

Cloud Technology

Cloud services will increasingly deliver nearly all IT services and web applications.
Public cloud adoption is rising due to improved cybersecurity measures.

Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT is expected to dominate the next 50 years, building on three decades of Internet Services.
Over 10 billion IoT devices are currently connected to the internet, with estimates suggesting growth to 50 billion to nearly 1 trillion in the next decade.

Data Communications

Defined as the encoded transmission of data in sequences of bits (0 or 1) between computers or network processors.

Major Factors in Telecom Networks

Key considerations include Transmission Mode (Wired/Wireless), Access Methodology (Protocols), and Network Topology (e.g., Star, Hierarchical, Mesh).

Communications Protocols

Protocols act as communication rules ensuring meaningful connections between devices.

Network Topologies

Various topologies:
- Direct Connection
- Star
- Hierarchical
- Mesh

Telecommunications Terminology

Local Central Office (CO) = Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) = Telco
Local Transmission Line = Local Loops for homes/businesses
Long Distance Transmission = Interoffice Carrier (IOC).

Local Access Transport Areas (LATA)

LATAs facilitate long-distance traffic segmentation post-AT&T breakup.

OSI Model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model consists of seven layers that standardize networking communication.

OSI Model Layers

Application Layer: Supports end-user applications; example protocols include X.400 (e-mail) and DNS.
Presentation Layer: Formats message content; responsible for data encryption and translating encoding schemes.
Session Layer: Manages interactive dialogue sessions between applications (e.g., establishes connections akin to phone calls).
Transport Layer: Ensures reliable, end-to-end connections, error recovery, and flow control.
Network Layer: Handles packetizing, addressing, routing, and prioritizing.
Data Link Layer: Organizes bit streams into frames, adding header and trailer for error checking.
Physical Layer: Transmits bits over physical connections, handling establishment and maintenance of communication links.

TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP has five layers, starting from the Application Layer at the top to the Physical Layer at the bottom.
This model supports various higher-level protocols and applications, including email and word processing software.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of data networks in this lecture, presented by Dr. Reza Djavanshir from Johns Hopkins University. Learn about the evolution of web applications in response to expanding telecom networks and the significance of mobile computing in the future. Understand the impact of cloud technology on IT services in the coming years.