Data Modeling and Spreadsheets Concepts

8MD.01: Key Features of Models

• A model is a digital representation of a real-life scenario, breaking it down into attributes (data items).
• A simulator is an interactive model.

Key Features of Models

• Accuracy
• Speed
• Cost
• Scalability (how easily it can be scaled up)

8MD.03: Spreadsheets for Modeling and What-If Analysis

• Spreadsheets organize data in rows and columns, allowing calculations.
• Cell references identify specific cells or ranges.
• "What-if analysis" investigates a scenario by changing data to see how it affects the model.

Data and Databases

• Data is raw facts and figures.
• Databases organize data for storage, processing, and access.
• A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table.
• Data should be accurate, relevant, and sufficient for a given purpose.

Data Capture Forms and Data Validation

• A data capture form is a document to collect specific data for a purpose.
• Data validation is an automatic check reducing errors.
• Input masks control the data input format. (e.g., toggle buttons, drop-down menus, radio buttons, checkboxes).
• Data must pass type, length, presence, format, and range checks to ensure quality.

8CS.01: Operating Systems

• Software are instructions for the computer.
• Hardware are physical parts of a computer (e.g., keyboard, printer, mouse).
• An operating system (OS) manages hardware and software for the user.
• Basic OS functions include program start, file management, memory management, user management, and multitasking and interface.

8CS.02: Utility Programs

• Utility programs maintain digital devices.
• Examples include antivirus, file management, disk management, compression, and backup utilities.
• Utility programs optimize computer performance by, for example, virus scanning/removal, file-backup, compression, defragmentation, performance monitoring, firewall, and software updates.

8CS.03: ASCII

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a 7-bit binary code for keyboard characters.
• It represents characters by electrical pulses (high/low signal).

8CS.04: Compression

• Compression shrinks file sizes by removing data from files by removing unnecessary metadata, or permanently removing some of the original data.

8CS.05: Binary to Denary Conversion

• The denary system uses digits 0 to 9.
• The binary system uses 0 and 1.
• A bit is a single binary digit (0 or 1).
• MSB is the most significant bit (leftmost bit in binary representation)
• LSB is the least significant bit (rightmost bit in binary representation)

8CS.06: Logic Gates

• Logic gates are used in computers to transform binary inputs into binary outputs.
• The key logic gates include AND, OR, and NOT gates, which can be represented using truth tables.

8CS.07: Primary Memory (RAM and ROM)

• Primary memory stores programs and data currently in use.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile, meaning data is lost when the power is off.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile, retaining data even when the device is turned off; it often stores boot up programs.

8CS.08: Machine Learning

• Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI).
• AI involves creating systems that perform tasks that normally require human intelligence.
• Machine learning specifically involves systems that improve their performance by learning from data.

8CS.09: Augmented Reality (AR)

• Augmented Reality (AR) overlays digital imagery onto the real world.

8CS.10: Autonomous Programming & AI in Robotics

• Autonomous programming uses hardware and AI to complete tasks.
• Sensors gather data from the surrounding environment (e.g., cameras, microphones).
• Robots make decisions using AI, based on input from sensors, and then complete tasks.

8CT.08: Decomposing Problems into Sub-Problems

• Decomposing a problem means breaking it into smaller, simpler parts.
• This makes complex problems easier to solve and less prone to errors.
• Solving the sub-problems individually leads to a more efficient workflow.

8CT.03: Characteristics of Pseudocode

• Pseudocode uses plain, understandable language, making it easier to read for those not very familiar with particular coding languages.
• Pseudocode is not executed by a computer, but is structured like a program for human use.
• Pseudocode should be read top to bottom.

8CT.04, 8CT.05: Searching Algorithms and Linear Search

• Searching algorithms find specific items or values within datasets.
• Linear search involves comparing each element in the dataset one-by-one to find the target.

8P.11: Interacting between two devices

• Radio is a wireless communication device.
• Code examples demonstrating methods to send and receive messages using radio functionality.

This quiz covers key features of models, including their accuracy, speed, and cost efficiency, as well as the use of spreadsheets for modeling and what-if analysis. Understand how databases organize data, and learn about data capture forms and validation techniques essential for error reduction.