Podcast
Questions and Answers
In the context of evaluating a clustering model, what does it mean for a cluster profile to be 'distinct'?
In the context of evaluating a clustering model, what does it mean for a cluster profile to be 'distinct'?
- Each cluster has a high number of data points belonging to it, ensuring a large and meaningful representation.
- The cluster profile is consistent with existing domain knowledge about the data, supporting the validity of the clustering results.
- The cluster profile is easily interpreted and labeled, making it intuitive for users to understand the meaning and purpose of each cluster.
- The cluster profile is easily distinguishable from all other cluster profiles based on the attributes or characteristics of the data points within the cluster. (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a key subtask involved in the 'Deployment' phase of the CRISP-DM process?
Which of the following is NOT a key subtask involved in the 'Deployment' phase of the CRISP-DM process?
- Planning the deployment strategy and outlining the steps involved.
- Writing a final report summarizing the project, results, and lessons learned.
- Monitoring and maintaining the performance of the deployed model.
- Evaluating the model's performance against the data mining objectives. (correct)
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the 'Reviewing the process and determining the next step' subtask within the 'Evaluation' phase of the CRISP-DM process?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the 'Reviewing the process and determining the next step' subtask within the 'Evaluation' phase of the CRISP-DM process?
- This step reviews the overall data mining process to learn from experiences and identify tasks or issues that were overlooked. (correct)
- This step determines whether the project is ready for deployment or if further model improvements are necessary before deployment.
- This step assesses the effectiveness of the deployed model in achieving the business objectives and identifies areas for improvement.
- This step involves conducting a comprehensive analysis of the data mining results to identify potential errors or inconsistencies.
In the context of association rule mining, what does 'rule confidence' signify?
In the context of association rule mining, what does 'rule confidence' signify?
According to the example data mining project based on the CRISP-DM methodology, what was the primary business challenge that needed to be addressed?
According to the example data mining project based on the CRISP-DM methodology, what was the primary business challenge that needed to be addressed?
Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of a good clustering solution?
Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of a good clustering solution?
In the 'Evaluating results' subtask of the 'Evaluation' phase, what does the process of analyzing business reasons for model performance discrepancies involve?
In the 'Evaluating results' subtask of the 'Evaluation' phase, what does the process of analyzing business reasons for model performance discrepancies involve?
What is the primary purpose of the 'Planning deployment' subtask within the 'Deployment' phase of the CRISP-DM process?
What is the primary purpose of the 'Planning deployment' subtask within the 'Deployment' phase of the CRISP-DM process?
Which of the following elements is NOT typically included in a final report summarizing a completed data mining project under the CRISP-DM methodology?
Which of the following elements is NOT typically included in a final report summarizing a completed data mining project under the CRISP-DM methodology?
Why is it essential to ensure that the model parameters are set correctly during the 'Building and assessing the model' phase of the CRISP-DM process?
Why is it essential to ensure that the model parameters are set correctly during the 'Building and assessing the model' phase of the CRISP-DM process?
What is the primary purpose of the 'Assessing the situation' subtask within the 'Business Understanding' phase of the CRISP-DM process?
What is the primary purpose of the 'Assessing the situation' subtask within the 'Business Understanding' phase of the CRISP-DM process?
In the context of the CRISP-DM methodology, what is the primary focus of the 'Evaluation' phase?
In the context of the CRISP-DM methodology, what is the primary focus of the 'Evaluation' phase?
In the context of association rule mining, what is the significance of 'support' as a measure for evaluating generated rules?
In the context of association rule mining, what is the significance of 'support' as a measure for evaluating generated rules?
What is the primary goal of employing CRISP-DM in data mining?
What is the primary goal of employing CRISP-DM in data mining?
Why is it important to contact business analysts and domain experts during the 'Interpreting results' subtask within the 'Building and assessing the model' phase of the CRISP-DM process?
Why is it important to contact business analysts and domain experts during the 'Interpreting results' subtask within the 'Building and assessing the model' phase of the CRISP-DM process?
In the example data mining project on education in Jamaica, what was the primary goal of identifying the characteristics of students who fail in mathematics and English?
In the example data mining project on education in Jamaica, what was the primary goal of identifying the characteristics of students who fail in mathematics and English?
Which phase of CRISP-DM directly deals with understanding business needs?
Which phase of CRISP-DM directly deals with understanding business needs?
Which of the following is NOT a key benefit of using the CRISP-DM methodology for managing data mining projects?
Which of the following is NOT a key benefit of using the CRISP-DM methodology for managing data mining projects?
In the CRISP-DM process, which task is NOT included in the Business Understanding phase?
In the CRISP-DM process, which task is NOT included in the Business Understanding phase?
Which statement best describes the nature of the CRISP-DM process?
Which statement best describes the nature of the CRISP-DM process?
During which phase of CRISP-DM is data quality typically evaluated?
During which phase of CRISP-DM is data quality typically evaluated?
What is the main focus of the Data Preparation phase in the CRISP-DM framework?
What is the main focus of the Data Preparation phase in the CRISP-DM framework?
Which task is NOT part of the CRISP-DM framework?
Which task is NOT part of the CRISP-DM framework?
What does the outer circle in the CRISP-DM framework represent?
What does the outer circle in the CRISP-DM framework represent?
What is the first crucial step to increase the success rate of an analytics project?
What is the first crucial step to increase the success rate of an analytics project?
Which analysis is primarily focused on understanding customer profiles?
Which analysis is primarily focused on understanding customer profiles?
What is a potential consequence of risks and constraints in an analytics project?
What is a potential consequence of risks and constraints in an analytics project?
Which of the following is a software tool used for association rule mining?
Which of the following is a software tool used for association rule mining?
What type of analysis can predict a customer's next shopping trip based on loyalty card information?
What type of analysis can predict a customer's next shopping trip based on loyalty card information?
Which is NOT typically a part of project requirements in an analytics project?
Which is NOT typically a part of project requirements in an analytics project?
What is an example of a business objective in an analytics project?
What is an example of a business objective in an analytics project?
Which type of analysis helps determine products that customers buy together?
Which type of analysis helps determine products that customers buy together?
In clustering analysis, what is the purpose of deriving taxonomy in biology?
In clustering analysis, what is the purpose of deriving taxonomy in biology?
What is a common misconception about data quality in analytics projects?
What is a common misconception about data quality in analytics projects?
What must be established once a business problem is well understood?
What must be established once a business problem is well understood?
Which factor could affect the comprehensibility of the model in an analytics project?
Which factor could affect the comprehensibility of the model in an analytics project?
What type of information might be gathered through customer segmentation analysis?
What type of information might be gathered through customer segmentation analysis?
Which task is not part of the data preparation phase in the CRISP-DM process?
Which task is not part of the data preparation phase in the CRISP-DM process?
What purpose does replacing missing values serve during data cleaning?
What purpose does replacing missing values serve during data cleaning?
Which of the following methods might be sensitive to outliers?
Which of the following methods might be sensitive to outliers?
What is the main focus when exploring data properties in association rule mining?
What is the main focus when exploring data properties in association rule mining?
During the data preparation phase, which step is primarily concerned with integrating different data sources?
During the data preparation phase, which step is primarily concerned with integrating different data sources?
What is a key outcome of the data exploration phase?
What is a key outcome of the data exploration phase?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for selecting usable data?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for selecting usable data?
The five-number summary includes which of the following measures?
The five-number summary includes which of the following measures?
What is the objective of data formatting in data preparation?
What is the objective of data formatting in data preparation?
Which aspect of data quality should be examined to assess its impact on analytics performance?
Which aspect of data quality should be examined to assess its impact on analytics performance?
The process of checking attribute relevance to data mining goals typically involves which of the following?
The process of checking attribute relevance to data mining goals typically involves which of the following?
What would be a potential outcome of data exploration using visualisation techniques?
What would be a potential outcome of data exploration using visualisation techniques?
When assessing data, what does 'computing a five-number summary' mainly help with?
When assessing data, what does 'computing a five-number summary' mainly help with?
What was the reason for removing the 'Name of school being applied to by the student' attribute?
What was the reason for removing the 'Name of school being applied to by the student' attribute?
Which attribute was considered redundant after the introduction of the 'Age' attribute?
Which attribute was considered redundant after the introduction of the 'Age' attribute?
What method was used to handle NULL values for the 'Religion' attribute?
What method was used to handle NULL values for the 'Religion' attribute?
Which predictive modelling technique was chosen for this project?
Which predictive modelling technique was chosen for this project?
What was the composition of the records after the data cleaning process?
What was the composition of the records after the data cleaning process?
What was the significant finding regarding students who failed both English and IT?
What was the significant finding regarding students who failed both English and IT?
Why was 'Nationality' removed from the dataset?
Why was 'Nationality' removed from the dataset?
What technique was utilized to convert grades represented by Roman numerals to integers?
What technique was utilized to convert grades represented by Roman numerals to integers?
How was the training and testing dataset divided during the model setup?
How was the training and testing dataset divided during the model setup?
What was the determining factor for identifying the best model during assessment?
What was the determining factor for identifying the best model during assessment?
What longer-term action was planned following the deployment of the model?
What longer-term action was planned following the deployment of the model?
Which attribute was not mentioned as a reason for exclusion during data cleaning?
Which attribute was not mentioned as a reason for exclusion during data cleaning?
What was the focus of the predictive models identified in the business understanding phase?
What was the focus of the predictive models identified in the business understanding phase?
Which term refers to a set of items that frequently occur together in association rule mining?
Which term refers to a set of items that frequently occur together in association rule mining?
What is a dendrogram used for in clustering analysis?
What is a dendrogram used for in clustering analysis?
Which of the following is true about the Continuous Association Rule Mining Algorithm (CARMA)?
Which of the following is true about the Continuous Association Rule Mining Algorithm (CARMA)?
In the context of data mining, what distinguishes a data mining goal from a business goal?
In the context of data mining, what distinguishes a data mining goal from a business goal?
Which attribute type is typically NOT included in a data specification document?
Which attribute type is typically NOT included in a data specification document?
What is the potential drawback of using K-means clustering?
What is the potential drawback of using K-means clustering?
What does cluster validity refer to in clustering analysis?
What does cluster validity refer to in clustering analysis?
During what phase of the CRISP-DM process is data quality verification performed?
During what phase of the CRISP-DM process is data quality verification performed?
What kind of data sources are usually preferable for data collection in data mining?
What kind of data sources are usually preferable for data collection in data mining?
What is a significant challenge when collecting data from multiple sources?
What is a significant challenge when collecting data from multiple sources?
What is a major advantage of Two-Step clustering compared to K-means?
What is a major advantage of Two-Step clustering compared to K-means?
What does the term 'currentness' mean in the context of data quality?
What does the term 'currentness' mean in the context of data quality?
Which of the following statements about self-organising maps (SOM) is true?
Which of the following statements about self-organising maps (SOM) is true?
Which of the following best describes 'support' in association rule mining?
Which of the following best describes 'support' in association rule mining?
What was a primary reason for choosing RapidMiner as the data mining software?
What was a primary reason for choosing RapidMiner as the data mining software?
What was the initial data source for the project and why was it changed?
What was the initial data source for the project and why was it changed?
Based on the text, which of the following was NOT a primary risk identified in the project?
Based on the text, which of the following was NOT a primary risk identified in the project?
What key challenge did the research team face in collecting data?
What key challenge did the research team face in collecting data?
What data mining technique was primarily employed in the project?
What data mining technique was primarily employed in the project?
How was data integrity addressed in the project?
How was data integrity addressed in the project?
What was NOT a significant concern regarding data quality in the project?
What was NOT a significant concern regarding data quality in the project?
What was the primary reason for using online application data from tertiary institutions?
What was the primary reason for using online application data from tertiary institutions?
Which of the following was a potential contingency plan for the risk of schools being unwilling to share data?
Which of the following was a potential contingency plan for the risk of schools being unwilling to share data?
What was the expected outcome of the project?
What was the expected outcome of the project?
What was a notable observation made during the data exploration phase?
What was a notable observation made during the data exploration phase?
What was a major constraint faced by the project researchers?
What was a major constraint faced by the project researchers?
What was the intended purpose of the glossary of data mining terminology compiled for the project?
What was the intended purpose of the glossary of data mining terminology compiled for the project?
Which of the following LEAST impacted the project's data collection strategy?
Which of the following LEAST impacted the project's data collection strategy?
What was one of the criteria for determining the success of the data mining goals?
What was one of the criteria for determining the success of the data mining goals?
What was a primary constraint related to data availability?
What was a primary constraint related to data availability?
Flashcards
CRISP-DM
CRISP-DM
A standardized process for data mining involving six phases.
Phases of CRISP-DM
Phases of CRISP-DM
Six distinct steps in the CRISP-DM framework for data mining projects.
Business Understanding Phase
Business Understanding Phase
First phase in CRISP-DM focusing on business goals and needs.
Data Understanding Phase
Data Understanding Phase
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Data Preparation Phase
Data Preparation Phase
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Modeling Phase
Modeling Phase
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Model Interpretation Phase
Model Interpretation Phase
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Deployment Phase
Deployment Phase
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Analytics Project Success Rate
Analytics Project Success Rate
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Association Analysis
Association Analysis
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Product Affinity Analysis
Product Affinity Analysis
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Clustering Analysis
Clustering Analysis
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Customer Segmentation Analysis
Customer Segmentation Analysis
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Business Objectives
Business Objectives
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Cost-Benefit Analysis
Cost-Benefit Analysis
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Data Requirements
Data Requirements
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Resources for Analytics
Resources for Analytics
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Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment
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Project Constraints
Project Constraints
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Data Quality Assumption
Data Quality Assumption
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Project Schedule
Project Schedule
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Computing Hardware Needs
Computing Hardware Needs
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Software Tools for Analytics
Software Tools for Analytics
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Discrepancies in data
Discrepancies in data
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Data exploration
Data exploration
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Five-number summary
Five-number summary
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Data quality verification
Data quality verification
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Domain experts
Domain experts
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Data selection
Data selection
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Data cleaning
Data cleaning
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Data transformation
Data transformation
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Constructing data
Constructing data
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Formatting data
Formatting data
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Modelling technique selection
Modelling technique selection
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Clustering
Clustering
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Association rule mining
Association rule mining
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Test design generation
Test design generation
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Model assessment
Model assessment
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Support
Support
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Confidence
Confidence
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Frequent Itemset
Frequent Itemset
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Antecedent
Antecedent
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Consequent
Consequent
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Association Rule
Association Rule
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Centroid
Centroid
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Cluster Validity
Cluster Validity
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Dendrogram
Dendrogram
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Optimal Number of Clusters
Optimal Number of Clusters
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Scree Plot
Scree Plot
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Two-Step Clustering
Two-Step Clustering
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K-means Clustering
K-means Clustering
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Data Specification Document
Data Specification Document
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Data Quality Assessment
Data Quality Assessment
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Test Design
Test Design
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Cluster Validity Index
Cluster Validity Index
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Support and Rule Confidence
Support and Rule Confidence
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Parameter Tuning
Parameter Tuning
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Homogenous Records
Homogenous Records
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Actionable Rules
Actionable Rules
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Domain Knowledge in Modeling
Domain Knowledge in Modeling
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Evaluating Results Phase
Evaluating Results Phase
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Business Success Criteria
Business Success Criteria
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Real-World Testing
Real-World Testing
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Deployment Planning
Deployment Planning
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Monitoring Model Performance
Monitoring Model Performance
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Final Report in Deployment
Final Report in Deployment
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Student Performance Characteristics
Student Performance Characteristics
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Vision 2030 Plan in Education
Vision 2030 Plan in Education
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Personnel Resources
Personnel Resources
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Data Access Period
Data Access Period
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RapidMiner Software
RapidMiner Software
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Project Assumptions
Project Assumptions
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Data Integrity Risks
Data Integrity Risks
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Financial Constraints
Financial Constraints
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Data Mining Goals
Data Mining Goals
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Predictive Modelling
Predictive Modelling
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Data Collection Process
Data Collection Process
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Initial Dataset
Initial Dataset
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Data Quality Issues
Data Quality Issues
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Null Values
Null Values
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Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
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Contingency Plans
Contingency Plans
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Data Validity
Data Validity
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Attribute Removal
Attribute Removal
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Redundant Attributes
Redundant Attributes
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Age Attribute
Age Attribute
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Source of Funding
Source of Funding
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NULL Replacement
NULL Replacement
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Exam Body Validation
Exam Body Validation
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Decision Trees
Decision Trees
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Training and Testing Sets
Training and Testing Sets
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Overfitting Prevention
Overfitting Prevention
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Evaluating Results
Evaluating Results
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Project Deployment
Project Deployment
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Business Communication
Business Communication
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Study Notes
CRISP-DM Methodology
- CRISP-DM (Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining) is a systematic process for creating analytics solutions.
- It consists of six interconnected phases: Business Understanding, Data Understanding, Data Preparation, Modelling, Evaluation, and Deployment.
- Each phase may iterate back to earlier phases if needed.
- Data mining is an ongoing process; lessons are continually learned and applied.
Phase 1: Business Understanding
- Tasks: Determining Business Objectives, Assessing the Situation, Determining Data Mining Goals, Producing a Project Plan.
- Business Objectives: Specific, measurable targets to improve business performance (e.g., increase sales by 10%).
- Data Mining Goals: Technical representations of business objectives (e.g., identify books to bundle for increased sales). Must include a success criterion.
- Assessing the Situation: Analyzing project resources, requirements, assumptions, constraints, risks, and cost-benefit analysis.
- Resources include personnel, data sources, and computing hardware/software.
- Requirements include project schedule, budget, data access permissions, and model quality.
- Assumptions include data quality, model comprehensibility, data size, and project importance.
- Risks include resource availability, data access issues, and incomplete/large datasets.
- Association Analysis Examples: Understanding customer purchase patterns, identifying key products, determining pricing zones.
- Clustering Analysis Examples: Understanding customer profiles (segmentation), biological taxonomy, gene expression analysis, face recognition.
- Common Analysis Terms: Association rule terms (Support, Confidence, Frequent Itemset), Clustering analysis terms (Centroid, Cluster Validity, Optimal Number of Clusters).
Phase 2: Data Understanding
- Tasks: Collecting Data, Exploring Data, Verifying Data Quality.
- Collecting Data: Specifying data requirements and collecting from appropriate sources (databases, files, surveys).
- Data specification includes names/attributes, type (numeric/text), range, quality standard.
- Exploring Data: Examining data characteristics, distributions, correlations, and relevance to objectives.
- Tools like data audit nodes.
- Domain expert interviews can clarify data issues.
- Verifying Data Quality: Ensuring data completeness, accuracy, correctness, accessibility, integrity, and up-to-dateness.
- Identifying potential issues (missing values, errors, outliers).
- Addressing inconsistencies.
Phase 3: Data Preparation
- Tasks: Selecting data, cleaning data, constructing/integrating data, formatting data.
- Selecting Data: Choose relevant attributes based on goals, address data quality, and consider technical constraints (e.g., large dataset sub-sampling).
- Cleaning Data: Handling missing values, standardizing ranges, discretizing/transforming variables, removing outliers to improve analytical accuracy.
- Constructing/Integrating Data: Derive new attributes (e.g., calculating turnaround time), add records from other sources, generate synthetic data for increased datasets, and correctly integrate tabular data.
- Formatting Data: Transforming data format without changing meaning (e.g., CSV to ARFF, tabular to transactional).
Phase 4: Modelling
-
Tasks: Selecting Modelling Technique, Generating Test Design, Building and Assessing the Model.
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Selecting Modelling Technique: Choose the most appropriate method based on goals and data characteristics.
-
Generating Test Design: Establish a standard procedure for testing model validity, e.g., using cluster indexes, support, confidence.
-
Building and Assessing the Model: Construct the model, adjust parameters, and evaluate performance.
Phase 5: Evaluation
- Tasks: Evaluating Results, Reviewing the Process & Determining Next Steps.
- Evaluating Results: Compare performance against goals, explore issues for sub-optimal results, and consider a trial/real-world deployment if within budget.
- Reviewing the Process: Identify lessons, and assess if any important tasks were overlooked. Determine if deployment is appropriate given the success/status.
Phase 6: Deployment
- Tasks: Planning Deployment, Monitoring and Maintenance, Writing a Final Report.
- Deployment Planning: Strategize for deployment, identify procedures for end-user interaction with/usage of deployed analysis.
- Monitoring and Maintenance: Ensure the model's performance and benefits continue; provide technical support and maintenance.
- Final Report: Summarize project, lessons learned, and key data mining results.
Case Study: Jamaican Education Data Mining Project
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Business Problem: Consistently poor student performance in CXC English and mathematics.
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Business Goals: Improve pass rates, understand characteristics of failing students, and link demographics to exam results.
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Data Challenges: Largely paper-based, inconsistent data formats, potential data unavailability in secondary schools, constraints on human and financial resources.
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