Data Management Basic Steps

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following examples represents qualitative data?

The type of car you drive (correct)

The number of pairs of shoes you own

The tuition for your classes

The distance from your home to the nearest grocery store

Identify the type of quantitative data for 'weights of sumo wrestlers.'

Qualitative

Ordinal

Continuous (correct)

Discrete

Which option is an example of discrete quantitative data?

Political party preferences

Weights of sumo wrestlers

IQ scores

Number of correct answers on a quiz (correct)

What type of data is represented by 'people's attitudes toward the government'?

Qualitative Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correctly identified as quantitative discrete data?

The number of classes you take per school year Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT a property of nominal data?

Data categories have some logical order Signup and view all the answers

Which property distinguishes ratio scales from interval scales?

Existence of an absolute zero point Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following data types can only classify without any order?

Nominal scale Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about interval data is correct?

Equal differences in the characteristic are represented by equal differences in the numbers. Signup and view all the answers

What type of data would you use to measure age or income?

Ratio Signup and view all the answers

In which type of scale do categories have a meaningful order but not equal intervals?

Ordinal scale Signup and view all the answers

Which example is correctly classified as an interval scale?

Temperature in Fahrenheit Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of ordinal data?

It has a logical order. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes nominal data from other types of data?

Values refer to classification names. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ordinal data?

Data that can be ranked using a Likert scale. Signup and view all the answers

Which level of measurement includes data that can be counted and usually non-finite?

Discrete Data Signup and view all the answers

What defines ratio/interval data?

Values can be measured, have boundaries, and can include decimals. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for researchers to be familiar with levels of measurement?

It determines the type of statistical analysis that can be performed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples represents continuous data?

Temperature on a given day. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is false regarding data types?

Nominal data can be counted. Signup and view all the answers

Which level of measurement would you use for gender, race, and citizenship?

Nominal Scale Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Data Management Six Basic Steps

1. Identify the problem or opportunity:
- Define the objective of the study.
- Determine if the study focuses on a population or a sample, and how large the sample should be.
- Specify if the study involves treatment, an experiment, or a measurement.
2. Decide on the method of data collection:
- Choose between internal, external, primary, or secondary data.
- Select an appropriate method (experimental study, observation, survey, or questionnaire).
3. Collect the data (sampling techniques):
- Non-probability sampling: Uses judgment, voluntary, or convenience samples.
- Probability sampling: Employs random, systematic, stratified, or cluster sampling.

Data Classification and Summarisation

4. Classify and summarise the data:
- Categorize data as qualitative (nominal or ordinal) or quantitative (discrete or continuous).
- Classify data based on measurement levels (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
- Summarize data graphically (tables, histograms, frequency polygons, ogives, Pareto charts, time series graphs, pie charts, stem-and-leaf plots, box plots).
- Summarize data using descriptive statistics (measures of central tendency, variation, and position).

Data Analysis and Presentation

5. Present and analyse the data:
- Use descriptive statistics to analyze data properties and distribution shape. This is done by using graphical summaries and descriptive summaries.
- Employ inferential statistics (confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, ANOVA, correlation, regression analysis).
6. Make the decision and conclusion:
- Based on analysis, suggest the best decisions, options, solutions, and conclusions for the study.

Data Types

Qualitative (Categorical/Attributes):
- Data representing categories or classifications.
- Examples include: sex, color of hair/eyes, ethnic background, make of car.
- Data are classified using codes or numbers.
Quantitative (Numerical):
- Data that can be measured or counted.
- Includes both discrete and continuous data.
- Examples include: number of students, number of correct answers on a quiz, weights of sumo wrestlers.
- Can be ordered or ranked (ratio/interval)
- Discrete Data: Data that can only take on certain, separate values (can be counted). Example: number of students.
- Continuous Data: Data that can take on any value within a given range. Example: weight, height.
Nominal data:
- Values represent categories or groups.
- The values cannot be ranked.
- Examples include: gender, race, colors.
Ordinal Data:
- Values represent categories with a meaningful order.
- Examples include: feeling (dislike to like), color.
Interval Data:
- Values represent intervals with equal differences between them.
- Zero point is arbitrary. Example: temperature.
Ratio Data:
- Values represent intervals with equal differences and a meaningful zero point.
- For instance: income, age, height, etc.

Levels of Measurement

The level of measurement describes how data are categorized and measured.
The four levels are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
Different statistical procedures are appropriate depending on the level.

Example Data Types:

The type of calculator you use: Qualitative
Number of pairs of shoes you own: Quantitative Discrete
Weights of sumo wrestlers: Quantitative Continuous

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Description

This quiz covers the six essential steps in data management, from identifying problems to classifying and summarising data. It includes decision-making processes for data collection and different sampling techniques. Test your knowledge on effective data handling and analysis.