Introduction to DE
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Questions and Answers

What is a key distinction between transactional databases and data warehouses?

  • Transactional databases are optimized for storing and retrieving data quickly, while data warehouses are optimized for analyzing large datasets.
  • Transactional databases are used for storing operational data, while data warehouses are used for storing historical data.
  • Transactional databases are typically relational databases, while data warehouses can be relational or non-relational.
  • All of the above. (correct)
  • What is the primary purpose of a data lake?

  • To store structured data in a single location for easy access and analysis
  • To support the development and deployment of machine learning models
  • To facilitate the processing and analysis of real-time data streams
  • To provide a centralized repository for all types of data, including structured and unstructured data (correct)
  • Why is data engineering often done in the cloud?

  • Cloud computing provides greater flexibility and scalability than on-premises solutions
  • Cloud providers offer a wide range of data engineering tools and services
  • The cloud offers a cost-effective approach to data storage and processing
  • All of the above (correct)
  • What is the main benefit of a serverless data warehouse, such as BigQuery?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a data engineer in regards to data governance?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for data engineers to partner effectively with other data teams?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a production-ready pipeline?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration for machine learning teams when working with data?

    <p>The availability of data at prediction time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "feature" refer to in the context of machine learning?

    <p>A column in a dataset representing a particular attribute. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why ML teams require a rich history of data to train their models?

    <p>To ensure the model can accurately predict future outcomes based on historical patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for data engineers to understand the needs of ML teams?

    <p>All of the above. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of having a rich history of data for training machine learning models?

    <p>It enables the models to learn from historical patterns and predict future outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between BigQuery and traditional SQL databases regarding access control?

    <p>BigQuery employs a dedicated Identity and Access Management system, replacing SQL GRANT and REVOKE statements used in traditional databases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided information, what is a key advantage of using BigQuery in comparison to traditional data warehousing?

    <p>BigQuery provides on-demand storage and compute resources, eliminating the need for resource provisioning upfront (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept, according to the content, is central to the idea of agility within BigQuery?

    <p>Dynamically allocating resources based on actual usage patterns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the provided context, what does 'doing more with less' suggest about the advantages of using BigQuery?

    <p>BigQuery enables data engineers to focus their efforts on high-value tasks, rather than managing infrastructure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of data management does 'Resource Allocation' specifically refer to in the context of BigQuery?

    <p>How BigQuery dynamically allocates storage and query resources based on usage patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main implication of BigQuery's 'on-demand storage and compute' model for data engineers?

    <p>Data engineers can focus more on analyzing data insights rather than infrastructure management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key advantage of BigQuery's dynamic resource allocation model?

    <p>Enhanced security through a centralized resource management system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the provided diagram, how does Cloud Composer contribute to the efficiency of the workflow for model training?

    <p>Cloud Composer simplifies the scheduling and execution of tasks involved in ML model training, such as data preprocessing and model evaluation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary advantages of storing data in a data warehouse compared to a data lake?

    <p>Data warehouses are more efficient at querying data due to data transformations and structured storage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of the ETL process used in data warehousing?

    <p>Data visualization and reporting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key challenges might arise when attempting to retrieve data from multiple source systems for a data warehouse?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issues could arise if the data warehouse is not properly integrated with the operational systems?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a data warehouse facilitate ad hoc and reporting queries compared to operational systems?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why Cloud Composer is considered a valuable tool for data engineers?

    <p>It enables the automation of complex data processing workflows. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Data Warehouse

    A consolidated storage system for cleaned and structured data, optimized for querying.

    ETL

    Extraction, Transformation, and Loading; the process of preparing data for a data warehouse.

    Data Lake

    A storage repository holding raw data in its native format until needed.

    Operational Systems

    Source systems where raw data is generated or collected from various activities.

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    User Queries

    Questions asked by users to extract specific data from the warehouse.

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    DSS Database

    Decision Support System; a type of database aiding in decision-making based on data analysis.

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    Promotions Data

    Data related to marketing efforts, tracking their performance and effectiveness.

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    Best Performing Promotions

    The most effective marketing strategies based on measurable results, such as sales or customer engagement.

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    Identity and Access Management

    A system for managing permissions in BigQuery instead of SQL GRANT and REVOKE.

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    Agility in Cloud

    Ability to do more with less by focusing on customized tasks in the cloud.

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    BigQuery Resource Allocation

    Dynamic allocation of storage and query resources based on usage patterns.

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    Slots in BigQuery

    Units of computation used for CPU and RAM during queries in BigQuery.

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    On-demand Storage

    Resources are allocated as needed without prior provisioning in BigQuery.

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    Cloud vs RDBMS

    In the cloud, resources are dynamically managed unlike traditional RDBMS systems.

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    Data Engineer

    A professional who builds data pipelines for processing and storing data.

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    Data Pipelines

    Series of data processing steps that collect, transform, and store data.

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    Cloud Data Engineering

    Practicing data engineering using cloud services for scalability and efficiency.

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    BigQuery

    Google Cloud's serverless, petabyte-scale data warehouse service.

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    Data Governance

    Policies and processes that ensure data is usable, secure, and compliant.

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    Production-ready Pipelines

    Data pipelines that are fully automated and reliable for periodic data processing.

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    Feature Pipeline

    A structured process that allows for the collection and transformation of raw data into features for ML models.

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    Raw Data

    The unprocessed data collected from various sources before any cleaning or transformation.

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    ML Model

    A mathematical model that uses data to make predictions or decisions based on patterns found in the data.

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    Data Features

    Characteristics or properties of the data that can be used for analysis and building ML models.

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    Predictive Time

    The period when data is used for making predictions with an ML model.

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    Dataset Accessibility

    The ease with which data can be discovered and used by machine learning teams.

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    Cloud Composer

    A fully-managed version of Apache Airflow used for workflow orchestration in Google Cloud.

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    Apache Airflow

    An open-source tool for designing and managing data workflows.

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    Workflow orchestration

    The automated organization of tasks and processes into a cohesive flow.

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    Production workflows

    Workflows that involve executing and monitoring tasks in a live environment.

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    Machine Learning (ML) training

    The process of feeding data to algorithms to create predictive models.

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    Google Analytics

    A tool for tracking and reporting website traffic and user behavior.

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    Cloud Storage

    A service for storing and retrieving any amount of data at any time, on Google’s infrastructure.

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    Event Triggering

    Automatic initiation of workflows based on specific events, like new file uploads.

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    Data Processing Workflow

    A series of steps that process raw data into a usable format.

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    Hadoop Clusters

    A collection of servers used for storing and processing big data efficiently.

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    SQL-based Analysis

    Using SQL commands to extract insights from databases and datasets.

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    Data democratization

    Making data accessible to non-technical users for analysis and insights.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Data Engineering

    • This module describes the role of a data engineer and explains why data engineering should be done in the cloud.
    • Details of the role of a data engineer, including what data pipelines are and their purpose.
    • Discussion of the challenges of data engineering and how cloud-based pipelines address these challenges.
    • Introduction to BigQuery, a petabyte-scale serverless data warehouse in Google Cloud.

    Module Agenda

    • The module agenda outlines topics covered in the course.
    • Key topics and their corresponding numbers in the agenda.
      • The Role of a Data Engineer
      • Data Engineering Challenges
      • Introduction to BigQuery
      • Data Lakes and Data Warehouses
      • Transactional Databases Versus Data Warehouses
      • Partner Effectively With Other Data Teams
      • Manage Data Access and Governance
      • Build Production-ready Pipelines
      • Google Cloud Customer Case Study

    Challenges in Data Engineering

    • Access to data: Difficulty accessing necessary data.
    • Data accuracy and quality: Data quality issues impacting analytics and machine learning models.
    • Availability of computational resources: Limitations of resources for data transformations and queries.
    • Query performance: Challenges in efficiently running queries and transformations.
    • Consolidating disparate datasets, data formats, and managing access at scale: Difficulty in combining data from multiple siloed systems and managing access.
    • Getting insights across multiple datasets without a data lake: Lack of a central repository for insights across multiple datasets.
    • Data is often siloed in many upstream source systems: Data stored in separate systems by departments, hindering access and analysis.
    • Cleaning, formatting, and getting data ready for insights in a data warehouse: Requires ETL pipelines for data transformations and quality control before usable insights.
    • Ensuring compute capacity: Need to ensure sufficient compute resources to handle peak demands.
    • Managing server and cluster capacity: Issues of managing server and cluster capacity for on-premises systems.
    • Optimizing queries for performance: Queries may need optimization for caching and parallel execution.
    • Managing query performance on-premise: Overhead of choosing, maintaining, and managing query engines and clusters.

    Introduction to BigQuery

    • BigQuery as Google Cloud's petabyte-scale serverless data warehouse.
    • BigQuery's ability to handle large datasets without requiring complex infrastructure management.
    • BigQuery's ease in managing clusters, emphasizing the difference from on-premise approaches.
    • BigQuery as a replacement for traditional data warehouse hardware setups.

    Data Lakes and Data Warehouses

    • Data lakes as consolidated locations for storing raw data from various sources.
    • Data warehouses as repositories for transformed data, designed for easy querying.
    • Key considerations when deciding between data warehouse options, such as scalability, performance, and maintenance.

    Transactional Databases Versus Data Warehouses

    • Data engineers often manage transactional databases supporting application workloads and data warehouses supporting analytic workloads.
    • Explanation of differences between databases and data warehouses, including their fundamental architectures and optimization strategies.
    • How different workloads lead to distinct database types, requiring specialized tools and architectures.
    • Advantages of Google Cloud SQL.

    Partner Effectively With Other Data Teams

    • Collaboration between data engineers and other teams.
    • Importance of establishing and communicating data access policies.
    • Need to discuss data governance and access controls.

    Build Production-ready Pipelines

    • Productionalize data operations with end-to-end, scalable data processing systems.
    • Need for pipelines to be timely and accurate.
    • Role of data engineering in maintaining the health and future of their production data pipelines.
    • Use of Cloud Composer for workflow orchestration.

    Google Cloud Customer Case Study

    • Twitter's use of BigQuery to democratize data analysis across the company.
    • Increased data accessibility and analysis capabilities.

    Lab Intro

    • Instructions and purpose of the lab.
    • How to execute interactive queries in BigQuery and combine analytics on multiple datasets.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key concepts of data engineering, including the differences between transactional databases and data warehouses, the stages in the data engineering process, and the importance of data governance. This quiz will challenge your understanding of data lakes, serverless architectures, and the role of data engineers in machine learning.

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