Data Communication Protocols and Representation Quiz

Transmission Media and Switching

• Transmission media is not part of the physical layer but is controlled by it.
• Switching can be used in several layers.

Data Link Layer

• The third part of the book covers the data link layer of the Internet model.
• Chapter 10 discusses error detection and correction.
• Chapters 11 and 12 cover issues related to data link control.
• Chapters 13-16 discuss Local Area Networks (LANs).
• Chapters 17 and 18 discuss Wide Area Networks (WANs).

Network Layer

• The fourth part of the book covers the network layer of the Internet model.
• Chapter 19 covers IP addresses.
• Chapters 20 and 21 discuss network layer protocols such as IP, ARP, ICMP, and IGMP.
• Chapter 22 discusses delivery, forwarding, and routing of packets in the Internet.

Transport Layer

• The fifth part of the book covers the transport layer of the Internet model.
• Chapter 23 gives an overview of the transport layer and discusses its services and duties.
• Chapter 23 introduces three transport-layer protocols: UDP, TCP, and SCTP.
• Chapter 24 discusses congestion control and quality of service.

Protocols

• A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.
• Protocols represent an agreement between communicating devices.
• Without a protocol, devices may be connected but not communicating.

Data Representation

• Text is represented as a bit pattern, a sequence of bits (0s or 1s).
• Different sets of bit patterns have been designed to represent text symbols, each set is called a code.
• The prevalent coding system is Unicode, which uses 32 bits to represent a symbol or character.
• The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is a coding system developed in the United States.
• ASCII constitutes the first 127 characters in Unicode and is also referred to as Basic Latin.

Numbers

• Numbers are represented by bit patterns.
• A code such as ASCII is not used to represent numbers; the number is directly converted to a binary number.

Images

• Images are represented by bit patterns.
• An image is composed of a matrix of pixels (picture elements), where each pixel is a small dot.Here are the study notes for the text:
• Part 1: Overview*
• The book is divided into 7 parts: Overview, Physical Layer and Media, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Application Layer, and Security.
• Chapter 1: Introduction
  • Data communications and networking are growing rapidly.
  • The chapter covers the basics of data communication, including data representation, data flow, and network criteria.
• Chapter 2: Network Models
  • The OSI model is a layered architecture for data communication.
  • The TCP/IP model is a simpler alternative to the OSI model.
• Part 2: Physical Layer and Media*
• Chapter 3: Data and Signals
  • Analog and digital signals are used in data communication.
  • Periodic and nonperiodic signals are types of analog signals.
• Chapter 4: Digital Transmission
  • Analog-to-digital conversion and digital-to-analog conversion are necessary for digital transmission.
  • Pulse code modulation (PCM) and delta modulation (DM) are techniques used in analog-to-digital conversion.
• Chapter 5: Analog Transmission
  • Analog-to-analog conversion is used in analog transmission.
  • Amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK) are techniques used in analog transmission.
• Chapter 6: Bandwidth Utilization
  • Multiplexing and spreading are techniques used to utilize bandwidth efficiently.
  • Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) are types of multiplexing.
• Chapter 7: Transmission Media
  • Guided media (e.g., twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable) and unguided media (e.g., radio waves, microwaves, infrared) are used for data transmission.
• Chapter 8: Switching
  • Circuit-switched networks and packet-switched networks are two types of networks.
  • Circuit-switched networks use dedicated connections, while packet-switched networks use shared connections.
• Chapter 9: Using Telephone and Cable Networks for Data Transmission
  • Telephone networks and cable networks can be used for data transmission.
  • Dial-up modems, digital subscriber line (DSL), and cable modems are used for data transmission over telephone and cable networks.
• Part 3: Data Link Layer*
• Chapter 10: Error Detection and Correction
  • Error detection and correction are necessary to ensure reliable data transmission.
  • Block coding and cyclic coding are techniques used for error detection and correction.
• Chapter 11: Data Link Control
  • Flow control and error control are necessary for reliable data transmission.
  • Stop-and-wait protocol, go-back-N protocol, and selective repeat protocol are used for error control.
• Chapter 12: Multiple Access
  • Random access, controlled access, and channelization are techniques used to share a channel among multiple devices.
  • ALOHA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA are protocols used for multiple access.
• Chapter 13: Wired LANs: Ethernet
  • Ethernet is a popular local area network (LAN) technology.
  • IEEE 802.3 is the standard for Ethernet.
• Chapter 14: Wireless LANs
  • Wireless LANs (WLANs) use radio waves for data transmission.
  • IEEE 802.11 is the standard for WLANs.
• Chapter 15: Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and Virtual LANs
  • LANs can be connected using bridges, routers, and switches.
  • VLANs (virtual LANs) are used to create virtual networks.
• Part 4: Network Layer*
• Chapter 16: Network Layer: Logical Addressing
  • IP addresses are used to identify devices on a network.
  • IPv4 and IPv6 are two versions of the Internet Protocol.
• Chapter 17: Network Layer: Address Mapping, Error Reporting, and Multic