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Questions and Answers
A researcher aims to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching method on student test scores. Which research design is most suitable?
A researcher aims to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching method on student test scores. Which research design is most suitable?
- Use of existing studies, because the teaching method might have been used before somewhere.
- Qualitative design, to explore students' subjective experiences with the method.
- A mixed methods design, equally balancing qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys.
- Quantitative design, to measure and compare test scores between groups. (correct)
A researcher is conducting an experiment on plant growth, manipulating sunlight exposure and fertilizer concentration. Which data collection method aligns with this?
A researcher is conducting an experiment on plant growth, manipulating sunlight exposure and fertilizer concentration. Which data collection method aligns with this?
- Survey methods, administering questionnaires to botanists.
- Experimental methods, controlling conditions to observe effects on plant growth. (correct)
- Use of existing studies, analyzing data from previous plant growth experiments.
- Observation/Monitoring methods, recording plant growth in a natural, undisturbed environment.
In which scenario would a qualitative research design be most appropriate?
In which scenario would a qualitative research design be most appropriate?
- Testing the effectiveness of a new drug on reducing blood pressure levels.
- Measuring the correlation between exercise frequency and weight loss in adults.
- Determining the average income of households in a specific city.
- Gaining an in-depth understanding of the cultural practices within a remote village. (correct)
A researcher wants to understand the experiences of nurses working during a pandemic. Which data collection method would be most appropriate?
A researcher wants to understand the experiences of nurses working during a pandemic. Which data collection method would be most appropriate?
When should ethical implications be considered when collecting data?
When should ethical implications be considered when collecting data?
A researcher uses crime statistics collected by a government agency to analyze trends in criminal activity. What data collection method is being used?
A researcher uses crime statistics collected by a government agency to analyze trends in criminal activity. What data collection method is being used?
What is the primary goal of using a research design?
What is the primary goal of using a research design?
A researcher is exploring a new phenomenon with limited existing research. Which aspect of a qualitative design is most beneficial in this scenario?
A researcher is exploring a new phenomenon with limited existing research. Which aspect of a qualitative design is most beneficial in this scenario?
A researcher aims to study the experiences of nurses working in intensive care units across the country. Due to limited resources, they decide to survey all nurses in a few randomly selected hospitals. Which sampling technique is being used?
A researcher aims to study the experiences of nurses working in intensive care units across the country. Due to limited resources, they decide to survey all nurses in a few randomly selected hospitals. Which sampling technique is being used?
Which of the following scenarios would MOST likely benefit from snowball sampling?
Which of the following scenarios would MOST likely benefit from snowball sampling?
A marketing firm wants to gather feedback on a new product. They decide to survey every 10th customer entering a particular store. What sampling method are they employing?
A marketing firm wants to gather feedback on a new product. They decide to survey every 10th customer entering a particular store. What sampling method are they employing?
A researcher is studying job satisfaction among employees at a large corporation. The researcher divides the employees into departments (e.g., marketing, finance, IT) and then randomly selects a proportionate number of employees from each department to survey. Which sampling technique is being used?
A researcher is studying job satisfaction among employees at a large corporation. The researcher divides the employees into departments (e.g., marketing, finance, IT) and then randomly selects a proportionate number of employees from each department to survey. Which sampling technique is being used?
A polling organization wants to predict the outcome of an election. They randomly call landline phone numbers from a list of registered voters. What is a potential source of bias in this sampling method?
A polling organization wants to predict the outcome of an election. They randomly call landline phone numbers from a list of registered voters. What is a potential source of bias in this sampling method?
Which of the following is a key difference between probability and non-probability sampling techniques?
Which of the following is a key difference between probability and non-probability sampling techniques?
A researcher wants to investigate the effects of a new teaching method on student performance. They select two classes: one that will be taught using the new method and one that will be taught using the traditional method. They choose the classes based on the willingness of the teachers to participate. What type of sampling is being used for selecting classes?
A researcher wants to investigate the effects of a new teaching method on student performance. They select two classes: one that will be taught using the new method and one that will be taught using the traditional method. They choose the classes based on the willingness of the teachers to participate. What type of sampling is being used for selecting classes?
A quality control engineer needs to assess the reliability of a batch of manufactured parts. To ensure representation from different production lines, they divide the parts into groups based on the production line and randomly select parts from each group. What method is being employed?
A quality control engineer needs to assess the reliability of a batch of manufactured parts. To ensure representation from different production lines, they divide the parts into groups based on the production line and randomly select parts from each group. What method is being employed?
A researcher aims to study the effectiveness of a new teaching method on student performance in a specific school district. They collect data on student test scores from the district's database and compare it to a control group using a traditional method. What type of data source is being utilized?
A researcher aims to study the effectiveness of a new teaching method on student performance in a specific school district. They collect data on student test scores from the district's database and compare it to a control group using a traditional method. What type of data source is being utilized?
A team of scientists is investigating the effects of a new drug on blood pressure. They pool data from 10 different clinical trials, statistically combining the results to determine the overall effect size. What type of data analysis is being used?
A team of scientists is investigating the effects of a new drug on blood pressure. They pool data from 10 different clinical trials, statistically combining the results to determine the overall effect size. What type of data analysis is being used?
A researcher is conducting a study on the prevalence of a rare genetic disorder in a specific population. To ensure representation from all subgroups, they intentionally select a larger proportion of participants from underrepresented communities. What technique are they employing to address potential sampling bias?
A researcher is conducting a study on the prevalence of a rare genetic disorder in a specific population. To ensure representation from all subgroups, they intentionally select a larger proportion of participants from underrepresented communities. What technique are they employing to address potential sampling bias?
Researchers conduct a study to determine if a new fertilizer increases crop yield. They carefully control all environmental factors in their experimental plots. What aspect of the study design primarily enhances?
Researchers conduct a study to determine if a new fertilizer increases crop yield. They carefully control all environmental factors in their experimental plots. What aspect of the study design primarily enhances?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a threat to external validity?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a threat to external validity?
A university research ethics board discovered that a researcher enrolled participants in a clinical trial who were not representative of the broader population the treatment is ultimately intended for, because they only recruited from a local community center. What type of validity is most immediately threatened by this?
A university research ethics board discovered that a researcher enrolled participants in a clinical trial who were not representative of the broader population the treatment is ultimately intended for, because they only recruited from a local community center. What type of validity is most immediately threatened by this?
Which activity is the best example of using primary data?
Which activity is the best example of using primary data?
A researcher reviews existing literature to understand current knowledge about gut microbiome diversity and its relationship to diet. They read research articles, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews on the subject, focusing on the methodologies and conclusions of each study. What type of review is being conducted?
A researcher reviews existing literature to understand current knowledge about gut microbiome diversity and its relationship to diet. They read research articles, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews on the subject, focusing on the methodologies and conclusions of each study. What type of review is being conducted?
Flashcards
Sampling Technique
Sampling Technique
Method of choosing a sample from a population.
Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling
Every member has an equal chance of selection.
Non-Probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Selection based on specific criteria, not random chance.
Simple Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
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Systematic Sampling
Systematic Sampling
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Stratified Sampling
Stratified Sampling
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Cluster Sampling
Cluster Sampling
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Convenience Sampling
Convenience Sampling
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Primary Data
Primary Data
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Secondary Data
Secondary Data
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Meta-Analysis
Meta-Analysis
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Systematic Review
Systematic Review
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Literature Review
Literature Review
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External Data
External Data
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Internal Data
Internal Data
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Sampling Bias
Sampling Bias
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Research Design
Research Design
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Research Question
Research Question
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Theories and Models (in research)
Theories and Models (in research)
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Data Collection
Data Collection
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Data Analysis
Data Analysis
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Reporting (Research)
Reporting (Research)
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Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research
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Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research
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Study Notes
- How do we collect data?
- The scientific method provides the basics to data collection
- There are key elements when selecting a sampling technique
- Research design and methodologies are important for appropriate study
Scientific Method
- Starts with an observation followed by a question
- Develop a hypothesis
- Conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis
- Data are analyzed, and conclusions are made
Sources of Statistical Data: Primary vs Secondary
- Primary data is collected directly by the investigator
- Secondary data is the data already collected for another purpose
- Primary data methods include interviews, surveys, questionnaires, etc.
- Secondary data methods include previous research, government reports, historical data etc.
- Primary data is real-time, specific and expensive
- Primary data offers a higher level of control
- Secondary data is past data that may or may not meet the specific needs of a researcher
Meta-Analysis, Systematic, and Literature Review
- Meta-analysis combines data from multiple studies for a precise estimate, it provides a quantitative data
- Systematic reviews comprehensively identify, evaluate, and summarize available research
- Literature review provides a general overview of research on a topic
Sources of Data: External vs Internal
- External data is data collected from sources outside the organization
- Internal data is collected from reports and records of that organization
- External data includes web data e.g. e-commerce and real estate
- Internal data includes user logins, messages, and emails
Sampling
- It allows you to test a hypothesis about a population's characteristics
- Sampling methods are based on the aims, objectives and research questions
Validity of Samples
- "Internal validity" speaks to the causal relationship of the specific variables in a study
- Confidence is being tested is trustworthy and free from influence
- "External validity" refers to the extent the results of a study can be applied to generalized situations
Sampling bias
- Sampling bias can occur when certain members are systematically more likely to be selected, as opposed to others, in a sample
- Sampling bias limits the generalizability of the findings, so has a threat to "external validity"
- "Oversampling" is an easy way to avoid sampling bias
Sampling Techniques
- Sampling Techniques/Methods refers to how a sample is chosen from a population
- Key decision points:
- Research objectives
- Population characteristics?
- Accessibility of the population
- Budget and time constraints
Probability and Non-Probability sampling
- Probability sampling ensures every population member has a chance of being selected
- Non-Probability sampling's selection isn't based on random chance
Probability Sampling
- Simple Random Sampling gives each individual an equal chance of being chosen
- Systematic Sampling selects every nth
- Stratified Sampling divides population/subgroups and randomly selects from each
- Cluster Sampling randomly selects clusters from the population and samples all individuals
Non-Probability Sampling
- Convenience Sampling selects participants who are easily accessible
- Purposive Sampling deliberately selects individuals w/ specific study-relevant characteristics
- Snowball Sampling asks participants to refer other potentials
- Quota Sampling selects a specific number of individuals from subgroups
Research/Study Design
- Study design and different components make your coherent and logical strategy
- Study designs have a few elements to use for research elements
Design Elements Include
- Research question
- Theories and models
- Data collection
- Data analysis
- Reporting
Types of Research Design
- Quantitative research measures types of variables and describes frequencies, averages, and correlations
- It tests hypotheses about relationships between variables
- More fixed and deductive, variables and hypotheses clearly defined in advance of data collection
- Qualitative research seeks to understand experiences, beliefs, and concepts
- Qualitative research gains in-depth knowledge of a context or culture
- Qualitative research explores under-researched problems and offers new ideas
- Qualitative research tends to be more flexible, allowing approach adjustments based on findings
Methods of Collecting Data Include
- Identifying the problem
- Allocation
- Formulation
- Analysis
- Decision-making
- Evaluation
- Monitoring
Research includes
- Survey
- Observation and monitoring
- Experimental
- Use of existing studies
Primary Data Collection Methods
- Case Studies
- Oral Histories
- Questionnaire
- Documents and Records
- Digsite
- Interviews
- Observations
- Polls
- Experiments
- Focus Groups
Consider When Choosing Methods in Collecting Data
- Research goals
- Target audience
- Type of data needed
- Available resources
- The nature of the research question
- Sample size
- Feasibility
- Ethical implications
- Level of detail required
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