Podcast
Questions and Answers
In the context of research, what is the primary role of data collection?
In the context of research, what is the primary role of data collection?
- To statistically analyze existing research
- To bypass the need for a research design
- To gather information necessary for investigating a research problem (correct)
- To formulate a hypothesis without prior information
Why is data collection considered a fundamental tool in research?
Why is data collection considered a fundamental tool in research?
- It is only relevant in specific fields of study, such as behavioral sciences.
- It is essential for making data-driven decisions and supporting research findings. (correct)
- It is only important for statistical analysis after the research is complete.
- It is merely a process of extracting previously accessible facts.
Which of the following best describes primary data?
Which of the following best describes primary data?
- Data collected for the first time, which is original and fresh. (correct)
- Data gathered through census surveys conducted by government entities.
- Information extracted from previously published books and journals.
- Data that have been previously used in statistical analysis.
What is a key characteristic of secondary data?
What is a key characteristic of secondary data?
Which method of primary data collection is most suitable for studies involving subjects who cannot provide verbal reports?
Which method of primary data collection is most suitable for studies involving subjects who cannot provide verbal reports?
What distinguishes structured observation from unstructured observation?
What distinguishes structured observation from unstructured observation?
In which type of observation does the researcher actively participate in the activities of the group being studied?
In which type of observation does the researcher actively participate in the activities of the group being studied?
What is the primary goal of a focused interview?
What is the primary goal of a focused interview?
What is a key advantage of using questionnaires for data collection?
What is a key advantage of using questionnaires for data collection?
When constructing a questionnaire, why should personal and intimate questions be placed towards the end?
When constructing a questionnaire, why should personal and intimate questions be placed towards the end?
How do 'schedules' differ from 'questionnaires' in data collection?
How do 'schedules' differ from 'questionnaires' in data collection?
What is the purpose of a 'warranty card' in data collection?
What is the purpose of a 'warranty card' in data collection?
In the context of data collection, what does 'pantry audit' primarily aim to estimate?
In the context of data collection, what does 'pantry audit' primarily aim to estimate?
Which of the following is an example of a mechanical device used in data collection?
Which of the following is an example of a mechanical device used in data collection?
Which of the following is a common source of published secondary data?
Which of the following is a common source of published secondary data?
Where would a researcher most likely find unpublished data?
Where would a researcher most likely find unpublished data?
Why are databases useful sources of secondary data?
Why are databases useful sources of secondary data?
When studying sensitive topics like knowledge of tuberculosis among learners, what is the advantage of using anonymous questionnaires?
When studying sensitive topics like knowledge of tuberculosis among learners, what is the advantage of using anonymous questionnaires?
For assessing whether bank clients feel professionally treated by staff, which data collection method is most convenient according to the examples provided?
For assessing whether bank clients feel professionally treated by staff, which data collection method is most convenient according to the examples provided?
In the context of studying the symptoms of hospital patients with cancer, which data collection method is deemed most suitable in the provided examples?
In the context of studying the symptoms of hospital patients with cancer, which data collection method is deemed most suitable in the provided examples?
Flashcards
What is Data?
What is Data?
Information required for investigating a research problem after proper designing.
Primary Data
Primary Data
Data collected for the first time; original and fresh.
Secondary Data
Secondary Data
Data previously collected and statistically processed by someone else.
How is Primary Data Collected?
How is Primary Data Collected?
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Observation Method
Observation Method
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Structured Observation
Structured Observation
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Unstructured Observation
Unstructured Observation
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Participant Observation
Participant Observation
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Non-participant Observation
Non-participant Observation
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Disguised Observation
Disguised Observation
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Interview Method
Interview Method
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Questionnaire
Questionnaire
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Schedule Method
Schedule Method
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Warranty Cards
Warranty Cards
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Distributor or Store Audit
Distributor or Store Audit
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Pantry Audit
Pantry Audit
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Sources of Published Data
Sources of Published Data
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Sources of Unpublished Data
Sources of Unpublished Data
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Databases
Databases
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Method Selection Steps
Method Selection Steps
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Study Notes
Core Concept
- Data collection is essential for research
Importance of Data
- Information is required to investigate a research problem
- Research cannot be conducted without gathering specific information
Types of Data
- Primary: original data collected firsthand
- Secondary: data that has already been collected and statistically processed by someone else
Collection of Primary Data
- In experimental research, primary data is collected through experiments
- In descriptive research and surveys, primary data is collected through observation or direct communication with respondents
Methods of Primary Data Collection
- Observation
- Interview
- Questionnaire
- Schedule
- Other methods include: warranty cards, pantry audits, distributary audits, consumer panels, mechanical devices, projective techniques, depth interviews, and content analysis
Observation Method
- Frequently used, especially in behavioral science studies
- Scientific when serving a research purpose, systematically planned, recorded, and validated
Observation Types
- Structured: involves defined units, recording styles, data selection, and standardized conditions
- Unstructured: performed without structured characteristics
- Controlled: follows pre-arranged strategies and experimental processes
- Uncontrolled: occurs in natural settings
- Participant: observer shares experiences as a group member
- Non-participant: observer remains detached
- Disguised: observations made without people knowing
Interview Method
- Requires skilled, unbiased, and updated interviewers with practical competency
Interview Types
- Personal: face-to-face interaction, probing possible
- Telephone: contacting respondents by phone
- Structured: uses predetermined questions and standardized recording techniques
- Unstructured: does not follow predetermined questions or standardized recording techniques
- Focused: emphasizes respondent's capabilities, interviewer has freedom in questioning to explore reasons and motives
Data Collection Through Questionnaires
- Common in large surveys
- Distributed to individuals with a request to answer and return the form
- Consists of printed or typed questions in a specific order
- Participants answer questions themselves
- Questionnaires should include a short explanation of research topic
Features of a Good Questionnaire
- Questions should be concise and sequential
- Questions should proceed logically from easy to difficult
- Avoid personal or intimate questions, technical terms, and biased questions
- Include all aspects of the problem
Data Collection through Schedule
- Schedules contain a set of questions (proforma)
- Filled in by specifically selected people who administer questions and record responses
Other Methods of Data Collection
- Warranty Cards (feedback cards): postal-sized cards with questions for consumers
- Distributor or Store Audit: performed by distributors/manufacturers to assess sales patterns
- Pantry Audit: estimates consumption of goods at the consumer level
- Consumer Panel: regular pantry audit extension
- Mechanical Devices: eye cameras, pupilometric cameras, psychogalvanometers, motion picture cameras
Methods of Collecting Secondary Data
- Sources of Published Data
- Publications from government organizations, international societies, businesses, trade journals, books, reports from research scholars and economists, public records
- Sources of Unpublished Data
- Unpublished autobiographies, biographies, diaries, manuscripts, raw data, data from scholars, trade firms, labor agencies, public/private sectors
Databases
- Organized lists of data, computerized or filed, offering easy access
Selection of Data Collection Method
- Steps: consider time, number of interviews, and available time
- Must suit the research type
Data Collection Examples
- Anonymous questionnaires are useful for studying knowledge and perceptions of TB among learners
- Questionnaires are useful for gauging whether bank clients feel professionally served
- Observation (medical examination) is optimal for noting the symptoms of hospital patients with cancer
Conclusion
- Unbiased data is essential for research
- Medical, social, political, and economic scenarios are easily seen through this process
- Common methods of primary data collection in behavioural sciences are observation, interviews, questionnaires, and databases
- Secondary data comes from previously published/unpublished sources
- Method suitability depends on research aim
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