Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which sampling technique relies heavily on the researcher's subjective belief that selected individuals are representative of the target population?
Which sampling technique relies heavily on the researcher's subjective belief that selected individuals are representative of the target population?
When would Quota Sampling be a suitable choice?
When would Quota Sampling be a suitable choice?
What is a key characteristic of Probability Sampling?
What is a key characteristic of Probability Sampling?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Probability Sampling?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Probability Sampling?
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What is the main advantage of using Snowball Sampling?
What is the main advantage of using Snowball Sampling?
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Which sampling technique would be MOST appropriate for studying a rare disease affecting a small, geographically dispersed population?
Which sampling technique would be MOST appropriate for studying a rare disease affecting a small, geographically dispersed population?
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When is Judgment Sampling considered beneficial?
When is Judgment Sampling considered beneficial?
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What is a primary limitation of Quota Sampling?
What is a primary limitation of Quota Sampling?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a systematic random sample?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a systematic random sample?
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What is the primary purpose of survey research?
What is the primary purpose of survey research?
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Which type of probability sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups based on a specific characteristic?
Which type of probability sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups based on a specific characteristic?
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What is the main difference between a nominal scale and an ordinal scale?
What is the main difference between a nominal scale and an ordinal scale?
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Which level of measurement allows for the calculation of absolute differences between responses?
Which level of measurement allows for the calculation of absolute differences between responses?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of survey research?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of survey research?
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In which type of probability sampling are subsamples drawn within different strata using simple random sampling?
In which type of probability sampling are subsamples drawn within different strata using simple random sampling?
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What is the main advantage of using an interval scale over a nominal scale?
What is the main advantage of using an interval scale over a nominal scale?
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Which scale is characterized by distinct categories that are not ordered or measured, and subjects fall into categories?
Which scale is characterized by distinct categories that are not ordered or measured, and subjects fall into categories?
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Which of these options accurately describes the difference between Nominal and Ordinal scales?
Which of these options accurately describes the difference between Nominal and Ordinal scales?
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What is the primary limitation highlighted in the example provided for the Nominal scale?
What is the primary limitation highlighted in the example provided for the Nominal scale?
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What is the key characteristic of the Ordinal scale that differentiates it from the Nominal scale?
What is the key characteristic of the Ordinal scale that differentiates it from the Nominal scale?
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Which of the following is a valid example of an Ordinal Continuous scale?
Which of the following is a valid example of an Ordinal Continuous scale?
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What is a sample in the context of research?
What is a sample in the context of research?
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Why do researchers often use samples rather than studying the entire population?
Why do researchers often use samples rather than studying the entire population?
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Which of the following is an example of convenience sampling?
Which of the following is an example of convenience sampling?
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In which scenario would non-probability sampling be most appropriate?
In which scenario would non-probability sampling be most appropriate?
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What is a potential limitation of convenience sampling?
What is a potential limitation of convenience sampling?
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If a researcher wants to ensure their findings are representative of the entire population, which type of sampling is most recommended?
If a researcher wants to ensure their findings are representative of the entire population, which type of sampling is most recommended?
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What is the primary goal of sampling in research?
What is the primary goal of sampling in research?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a Likert scale?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a Likert scale?
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Which of these is NOT a recommended practice when constructing a Likert scale?
Which of these is NOT a recommended practice when constructing a Likert scale?
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Which scale type allows for the use of one-to-one transformations?
Which scale type allows for the use of one-to-one transformations?
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What is the primary purpose of using adjectival scales?
What is the primary purpose of using adjectival scales?
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Which of the following is NOT a permissible statistic for ordinal scales?
Which of the following is NOT a permissible statistic for ordinal scales?
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What is the main difference between a unipolar and a bipolar Likert scale?
What is the main difference between a unipolar and a bipolar Likert scale?
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Which type of scale is most suitable for measuring satisfaction levels on a continuous line?
Which type of scale is most suitable for measuring satisfaction levels on a continuous line?
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What is a key consideration when deciding on the number of categories in a Likert scale?
What is a key consideration when deciding on the number of categories in a Likert scale?
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Study Notes
Data Collection Design
- Seminar 4: Presented by Dr. Waqas Ahmed
- Agenda Topics: Sampling, Survey, Measurement Scales, Piloting, Ethical Considerations
Sampling
- Definition: Selecting a small group from a larger group to understand the larger group.
- Purpose: Researchers often can't study the entire population, so they select a representative sample.
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Types of Non-Probability Sampling:
- Convenience Sampling: Selecting participants based on convenience. Assumes the sample mirrors the overall population.
- Judgment Sampling: Selecting participants based on the researcher's or expert's judgment that they meet specific criteria. Assumes experts' opinions are representative.
- Quota Sampling: Dividing the population into subgroups (e.g., gender, age). Taking a sample from each to be representative of the subgroups' proportions in the population.
- Snowball Sampling: Initial participants refer new participants meeting the criteria. Usually used in hard-to-reach populations.
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Types of Probability Sampling:
- Simple Random Sampling: Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
- Systematic Random Sampling: Selecting every nth member from a list.
- Stratified Random Sampling: Dividing the population into subgroups and randomly selecting from each.
- Cluster Sampling: Dividing the population into clusters and randomly selecting entire clusters.
Survey Research
- Purpose: Collect data from a large sample to describe and/or understand relationships.
- Characteristics: Structured responses, administered to a wider group of people.
- Applications: Make predictions and understand relationships.
Survey Methods
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Types:
- Personal: Door-to-door, Mall Intercept
- Mail: Mail Panel, Mail Survey
- Telephone: Telephone Interview (Computer Assisted)
- Internet: Email, Online Survey
- Method Comparison (Table): The table details the various survey methods' contact, sample size, depth, length, response speed, cost, and bias.
Measurement Levels
- Nominal: Categorical data. (e.g., gender, marital status)
- Ordinal: Ranked data; Magnitude relationships exist. (e.g., education level, satisfaction level)
- Interval: Numerical data with equal intervals between values. (e.g., temperature)
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Ratio: Numerical data with a true zero point. (e.g., height, weight)
- The table details the permissible statistics for each measurement level.
Responses
- Nominal: Categorical data, limited response options. (e.g. "do you have trouble training your employees?")
- Ordinal: Ranked data, visual analogue scales (e.g., "How satisfied are you with the product?")
- Likert Scale: Rate agreement with statements using a scale. (e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree)
Questionnaire Design
- Wording: Use plain language, simple questions, and mostly closed-ended questions.
- Layout: Use a professional look, enough spacing, clear instructions, avoid splitting questions across pages. Consistent and clear instructions.
- Pilot Testing: Discuss the questionnaire with your supervisor and field-test it with the target group.
Ethical Considerations
- Participant rights: Protecting participant privacy, minimizing burden, maintaining sensitivity to different cultures.
- Research Conduct: Observing professional standards and conducting scientifically rigorous data collection and analysis.
- Data Report and Access: Appropriately reporting findings and ensuring proper access to data.
- Quality control: Establishing and adhering to research procedures. Documenting all relevant ethical procedures.
Validity and Reliability
- Validity: Measures what it claims to measure.
- Reliability: Results are consistent over time and across respondents.
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Description
Join Dr. Waqas Ahmed as he explains the intricacies of data collection design, focusing on important topics like sampling methods, survey creation, measurement scales, and ethical considerations. This seminar provides essential insights for researchers looking to effectively gather and analyze data.
