Data Collection and Presentation Methods
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of adding percentages to a frequency distribution?

  • To identify the mode of the data
  • To calculate the range of the data
  • To find the median of the values
  • To summarize the data in a pie chart (correct)

Tally marks are only useful for determining the frequency of data.

False (B)

What is the first step when constructing a frequency distribution?

Tally the data.

To calculate percentages in a frequency distribution, use the formula: Percent = (f/n) * 100, where f is the frequency and n is the total number of _____.

<p>values</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps with their corresponding actions in the frequency distribution process:

<p>Step 2 = Tally the data Step 3 = Count the tally Step 4 = Calculate percentages Step 5 = Find totals for columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using primary data in research?

<p>It provides firsthand insights directly related to the study. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary data is data originally collected for the specific purpose of the current research study.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one method of collecting primary data.

<p>Focus Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of arranging data into classes or categories according to similarities or differences is called ______.

<p>classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods with their type of data collection:

<p>Focus Group = Primary Data Published Reports = Secondary Data Telephone Interview = Primary Data Databases = Secondary Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of collecting primary data?

<p>Scholarly Articles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classification is an essential step in the presentation of data.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two broad categories of data presentation?

<p>Tabular presentation and Diagrammatic/Graphic presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency of the mark 80 in the ungrouped frequency distribution?

<p>3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ungrouped frequency distribution can be constructed for large sets of data only.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of the marks in the given data?

<p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

The frequency of the mark 70 is represented by ____ tallies.

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following marks with their corresponding frequency:

<p>60 = 2 70 = 4 85 = 3 90 = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many times does the mark 76 appear in the data?

<p>1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The percentage representation of the frequency 6 for mark M is 30%.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the total number of students represented in the frequency distribution.

<p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is represented by the angle of the sector in a pie chart?

<p>The percentage of frequencies in each category (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bar charts are inappropriate for presenting discrete data.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three commonly used diagrammatic presentations for discrete and qualitative data?

<p>Pie charts, pictograms, and bar charts</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pie chart is created by dividing a circle into sections based on the __________ of frequencies in each category.

<p>percentage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of diagram to its characteristic:

<p>Pie chart = Depicts nominal data Pictogram = Uses pictures or symbols Bar chart = Uses rectangular bars Line graph = Shows trends over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for using diagrammatic presentations?

<p>Always shows exact values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pictograms are less effective than bar charts for presenting discrete data.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The angle of a pie chart sector for a class is obtained by multiplying the ratio of __________ by 360 degrees.

<p>the frequency of the class to the total frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central angle for the Surgical A ward?

<p>117° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pie chart can be constructed without calculating central angles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total number of patients corresponds to the Pediatrics ward?

<p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a pictogram, the picture symbol represents ___ units.

<p>definite number of</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of bar charts with their descriptions:

<p>Simple bar chart = Depicts data of a single variable Component bar chart = Shows total divided into parts Multiple bar chart = Compares multiple variables side by side Horizontal bar chart = Used for qualitatively classified data</p> Signup and view all the answers

What visual representation is typically used for quantitatively classified data?

<p>Vertical bar chart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a simple bar-diagram, each bar represents a single variable or one-way variable.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many students were represented by one picture symbol in the pictogram example?

<p>1000 students</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a multiple bar-diagram compare?

<p>More than one variable at the same time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A histogram represents a discrete frequency distribution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three common graphic presentations of data mentioned?

<p>Histogram, frequency polygon, cumulative frequency polygon (ogive)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a bar diagram, different colors are used to identify the _____ parts of a whole.

<p>component</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of diagrams with their characteristics:

<p>Histogram = Grouped frequency of a continuous variable Multiple bar-diagram = Comparison of multiple variables Frequency polygon = Point representation of frequencies Cumulative frequency polygon = Shows accumulated frequencies over classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which data representation is used to display the yields of production by various crops over different years?

<p>Multiple bar-diagram (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Class boundaries are represented on the X-axis of a histogram.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the steps for constructing statistical graphs.

<p>Draw and label X and Y axes, choose a suitable scale, represent class boundaries or midpoints on X-axis, plot the points, draw bars or connect points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Frequency distribution

A method of organizing data that represents the number of observations that fall within each distinct class.

Classes

The distinct categories or groups into which data is divided.

Tally

The number of occurrences of a particular class. A tally mark is used in the initial data collection stage.

Frequency

The total number of observations within a specific class.

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Percent

The proportion of values in each class, usually expressed as a percentage.

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Primary Data

Data collected directly by the researcher from the source.

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Secondary Data

Data collected from existing sources, not by the researcher.

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Classification of Data

The process of organizing data into categories based on similarities or differences.

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Tabular Presentation

A way to present data in rows and columns, often used for numerical information.

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Diagrammatic and Graphic Presentation

Using visual elements like charts, graphs, and diagrams to present data.

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Focus Group

A research technique where a group of people discuss a topic.

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Telephone Interview

Collecting data through phone calls.

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Mail Questionnaires

Collecting data through questionnaires sent by mail.

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Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

A table that lists all possible raw scores in a dataset along with the number of times each score occurs.

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Range

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a dataset.

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Arranging Data in Order of Magnitude

Organizing data by arranging it in ascending or descending order and counting the frequency of each value.

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Mark Column

A column in a frequency distribution table where marks or scores are listed.

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Tally Column

A column in a frequency distribution table where tallies are used to represent the frequency of each mark or score.

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Frequency Column

A column in a frequency distribution table that shows the number of times each mark or score appears in the dataset.

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Constructing an Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

A process of creating a frequency distribution table by first identifying the range of data, then arranging the data in order, then counting the frequency of each score, and finally, compiling it into a table.

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Ungrouped Frequency Distribution for Small & Discrete Data

Used when dealing with a small dataset or discrete variables to ensure each individual value is represented separately, not grouped together.

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Pie Chart

A circular chart divided into sections (wedges) that represent proportions of a whole.

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Pictogram

A visual representation where data is displayed using symbols or pictograms; each symbol represents a specific quantity.

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Bar Chart

A chart with rectangular bars representing categories, where the height or length of each bar corresponds to the frequency or value of the category.

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Pie Chart: How it works

A circle divided into sections, where each section's size is proportional to the frequency or percentage of that category.

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Pie Chart: Proportionality

The size of each wedge in a pie chart is determined by its proportion in the data set.

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Pie Chart: Data Type

Pie charts are typically used for nominal data, which comprises categories without inherent order.

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Diagrammatic Presentation: Benefit

Using diagrams to visualize data provides a more engaging and intuitive way to understand information.

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Diagrammatic Presentation: Applicability

Diagrams are particularly useful for representing discrete data, which involves distinct and separate categories.

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Component Bar Diagram

A type of bar diagram where each bar is divided into smaller sections, each representing a component part of the total aggregate value. This allows for easy comparison of different components within the same category.

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Multiple Bar Diagram

A type of bar diagram used to compare different variables at the same time. Each variable has its own set of bars, making it easy to see the relationships between multiple data points.

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Central Angle in Pie Chart

In a pie chart, the central angle of each sector is calculated based on the percentage of the value it represents. The formula is: Central Angle = (Percentage / 100) * 360 degrees

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Class Boundaries

The boundaries of the data groups or classes in a frequency distribution. The boundaries are used to define the range of values that belong to each class, ensuring that there is no overlap between classes.

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Simple Bar Chart

A type of bar chart that uses simple bars to represent data values of a single variable. Each bar is independent and represents a distinct category.

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Midpoint

The point in the middle of each class in a frequency distribution. The midpoint represents the average value of the data within that class.

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Graphical Presentation of Data

The process of visually representing data to display patterns and trends. This can be done using various graphical methods, such as bar charts, histograms, line graphs, etc.

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Component Bar Chart

A type of bar chart that uses bars divided into segments. Each segment represents a component part of a whole, and the total height of the bar shows the total value.

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Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive)

A graphical representation of cumulative frequencies. It displays the total number of observations that fall within each class and all previous classes combined, forming a curve that goes upward.

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Multiple Bar Chart

A type of bar chart that uses multiple bars to represent data values for different groups or categories. Each set of bars compares values across groups.

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Data Representation

A data representation technique used in various fields like statistics, finance, and research. They provide a visually appealing and easy-to-understand way to represent data, making trends and patterns easier to identify.

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Frequency Polygon

A line graph that connects the midpoints of each class interval in a frequency distribution. It provides a visual representation of the overall distribution and shape of the data.

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Study Notes

Data Collection Methods

  • Any research study requires data. This data can be obtained from primary or secondary sources.

  • Primary Data: Data collected directly by the researcher.

    • Involves planning and measurement activities.
      • Planning: Identifying data source, sampling method (sample vs. census), measurement procedures, and organizational structure.
      • Measurement: Methods include focus groups, telephone interviews, mail questionnaires, door-to-door surveys, mall intercepts, personal interviews, experiments, etc.

  • Secondary Data: Data gathered from existing sources.

    • Includes data from published or unpublished sources/files.
    • When using secondary data, check the data's relevance to the current problem and ensure no biases or misreporting.

Data Presentation Methods

  • After collecting and editing data, organize it for clear presentation.
  • This aims to draw inferences from the data.
  • Methods:

    • Tabular presentation (frequency distributions)

    • Diagrammatic/graphical presentation

      • Tabular presentation is preliminary, preparing the ground for data visualization.

    • Frequency Distributions (Tabular Presentation):

      • Raw Data: Collected observations (counts or measurements)
      • Frequency: Number of values in a particular class.
      • Frequency Distribution: A table organizing raw data by classes and frequencies, showing the number of data points within each class.
        • Can be categorized, ungrouped, or grouped.
        • Important for summarizing and condensing data.

Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

  • Contains all possible values and their frequencies.
  • Useful for small datasets or discrete variables.

Grouped Frequency Distribution

  • Useful for large datasets.

    • Classes: Data points are grouped into intervals or classes
      • Class Limits: Boundaries between classes; can overlap, but data points are assigned within defined limits.
      • Class Boundaries: Precise limits, preventing gaps between classes and are more accurate in terms of mathematical calculations.
      • Class Width: Distance between consecutive class boundaries.
      • Class Mark (Midpoint): Average of class boundaries, a mean; simplifies data representation and visualization.

  • Cumulative Frequency: Total count of values up or down to a specific limit

  • Relative/Cumulative Relative Frequency: Percentages or cumulative percentages within each class.

Types of Data Presentation Diagrams

  • Pie Charts: Show the proportions of different categories as sectors, based on the total.
  • Pictograms: Visual representations that use pictures to represent data magnitudes.
  • Bar Charts: Depict data via bars (can be horizontal or vertical). Useful for comparing categorical/qualitative data and also quantitative (qualitative if used for discrete variables).
  • Frequency Polygon: Uses a line graph; indicates the frequency within a particular class.
  • Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive): Visualizes frequencies for less-than or more-than classes. Useful to show distribution characteristics.

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Methods of Data Collection and Presentation PDF

Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of data collection and presentation methods. Students will explore both primary and secondary data sources, including various techniques for gathering and organizing data effectively. Test your understanding of how to present data in a clear and informative manner.

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