Data Collection and Its Types
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Questions and Answers

What is a notable advantage of using an interview schedule?

  • It is the fastest method of data collection.
  • It requires minimal supervision and training of interviewers.
  • It can be applied to a diverse range of respondents. (correct)
  • It ensures complete accuracy in responses.

    • Which statement correctly describes a limitation of the observation method?

  • It is limited to the duration of observation. (correct)
  • It requires extensive training for observers.
  • It can lead to a complete understanding of participants' feelings.
  • It may not provide timely data collection.

    • What is a major advantage of the experimental method?

  • It allows researchers to manipulate variables easily. (correct)
  • It typically requires a large sample size for accuracy.
  • It automatically addresses all ethical concerns.
  • It is the least time-consuming among research methods.

    • Why might interview schedules be seen as more costly?

    <p>They demand significant time and training for interviewers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which advantage does observation provide that interviews do not?

    <p>First-hand accounts of behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for collecting data?

    <p>Reducing operational costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data is collected firsthand by the investigator?

    <p>Primary data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered when checking the quality of secondary data?

    <p>Advancement in technology since data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of statistical data refers to the closeness of measurement to its true value?

    <p>Accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data collection method utilizes a structured set of questions for responses?

    <p>Questionnaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a desired characteristic of statistical data?

    <p>Precision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical component to validate the use of secondary data?

    <p>How suitable the data is for current investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT typically used for collecting primary data?

    <p>Database mining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of sampling 'with' replacement?

    <p>Selecting a student from a class list and putting them back before selecting again</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of sampling 'without' replacement?

    <p>Each selected member cannot be chosen again in the same sampling process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of graph is best suited for showing trends or changes over time?

    <p>Line graph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best defines the difference between sampling error and sampling bias?

    <p>Sampling error occurs when sample size is too small, while bias relates to method flaws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the snowball method of sampling?

    <p>A method involving participants recommending other participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which graph is most appropriate for displaying the frequency distribution of a continuous variable?

    <p>Histogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a scatterplot?

    <p>To illustrate correlations between two quantitative variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a type of data presentation in descriptive statistics?

    <p>Predictive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which graph is NOT suitable for displaying qualitative data?

    <p>Line graph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of descriptive statistics?

    <p>To transform raw data into meaningful summaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of graph is generally least effective for displaying categorical data?

    <p>Line graph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of graph should be used when comparing the absolute frequencies of different categories?

    <p>Bar graph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which graph is recommended when the number of categories is small (6 or fewer)?

    <p>Pie chart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does population parameters refer to in sampling?

    <p>The characteristics or measures of the entire population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a frequency polygon, what does the graph typically represent?

    <p>Frequency distribution of a continuous variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of graph is best for showing the correlation data of two quantitative variables?

    <p>Scatterplot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the calculated interval (i) when R is 88 and K is 7?

    <p>13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the upper limit of the lowest class interval if the lower limit is 23?

    <p>22</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When establishing class intervals, how is the lower limit of the next interval determined?

    <p>Add the computed interval to the lowest score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition must be met for the highest class interval?

    <p>The highest score must be included</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the lowest score is 10, what is the first lower limit of the succeeding class interval after adding the computed interval?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should frequencies be recorded according to the rules provided?

    <p>They must reflect the actual tally of scores accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the total of frequencies when properly counted?

    <p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of adding another class interval after reaching the interval that includes the highest score?

    <p>It will cause a misrepresentation of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data and Its Importance

    • Data refers to measurements collected from response variables across a sample.
    • Example: DMFT rates of 42 subjects highlight the significance of proper data collection.
    • Collecting data facilitates reliable decision-making, planning, resource allocation, and prioritization.

    Types of Data

    • Primary Data: Collected firsthand by the investigator; original source intended for analysis.
    • Secondary Data: Existing data previously collected; must be verified for accuracy and validity.

    Quality Assessment of Secondary Data

    • Conditions and purpose of data collection should be evaluated.
    • Reliability of collectors or sources can impact data quality.
    • Data must be relevant to current research questions.

    Desired Characteristics of Statistical Data

    • Timeliness: Data should be current and up-to-date.
    • Completeness: All necessary data should be present.
    • Accuracy: Measurements should closely align with true values.
    • Precision: Data should produce consistent results upon repeatability.

    Methods of Data Collection

    • Primary Data Collection Methods:
      • Questionnaire: Self-administered with standardized questions.
      • Interview Schedule: Engages respondents through guided questions; beneficial for diverse respondents.
      • Observation: Employed when informants cannot provide data; relies on concise records rather than extensive questioning.
      • Experimental Method: Controls variables to understand outcomes; most effective for data collection.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Methods

    • Questionnaire Advantages: Efficient, standardized, less time-consuming.
    • Interview Advantages: High response rate, ability to clarify questions, observe respondent behavior.
    • Observation Advantages: Provides firsthand accounts, effective for non-verbal subjects.
    • Experimental Method Advantages: Controlled conditions yield reliable results, fewer subjects needed.

    Limitations of Methods

    • Interviews: Higher costs, potential bias from the interviewer, and time constraints.
    • Observation: Limited to the observed timeframe, cannot access inner feelings.

    Sampling Concepts

    • Understanding sampling methods is essential for identifying groups:
      • Sampling with Replacement: Replacing subjects after selection; allows repetition.
      • Sampling without Replacement: Subjects are not replaced once chosen.
      • Sampling Error: Variation in sample results compared to the population.
      • Sampling Bias: Systematic errors due to non-random selection.
      • Snowball Sampling: Participants recruit other participants.
      • Fishbowl Method: Random selection from a pool.
      • Random Sampling: Every member has an equal chance of selection.
      • Non-Random Sampling: Subjects are chosen based on non-random criteria.

    Descriptive Statistics

    • Focuses on summarizing data into meaningful information.
    • Types of data presentation:
      • Textual: Narrative summaries ideal for small data sets.
      • Tabular: Structured tables for efficient data presentation.
      • Graphical: Visual aids to represent data trends and comparisons.
      • Numerical: Includes measures of central tendency and dispersion.

    Types of Graphs

    • Bar Graph: Compares absolute or relative frequencies.
    • Pie Chart: Illustrates composition of categories (limited to ≤6).
    • Histogram: Displays frequency distribution of continuous variables.
    • Line Graph: Shows data trends over time.
    • Scatterplot: Examines correlation between two quantitative variables.

    Data Presentation Guidelines

    • Summarize and round intervals in frequency distributions.
    • Ensure class intervals encompass both lowest and highest scores.
    • Maintain uniformity in class widths and capture accurate tallies in frequency counts.

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the significance of data collection and its types, including primary and secondary data. Understand key characteristics of reliable statistical data, such as accuracy and timeliness, to enhance your decision-making and research outcomes. This quiz covers essential concepts related to data and its importance in various fields.

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