Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of IT operational costs can be reduced by utilizing online services according to Ingo Elfering?
What percentage of IT operational costs can be reduced by utilizing online services according to Ingo Elfering?
Which of the following best describes a single-site cloud?
Which of the following best describes a single-site cloud?
What is the primary benefit of Sybase’s private cloud of virtual servers?
What is the primary benefit of Sybase’s private cloud of virtual servers?
Which of the following components is NOT typically part of a single-site cloud architecture?
Which of the following components is NOT typically part of a single-site cloud architecture?
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What distinguishes a geographically distributed cloud from a single-site cloud?
What distinguishes a geographically distributed cloud from a single-site cloud?
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What is PUE, and why is a low value considered good?
What is PUE, and why is a low value considered good?
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Which service model allows users to access flexible computing and storage infrastructure?
Which service model allows users to access flexible computing and storage infrastructure?
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What is the primary advantage of using HaaS (Hardware as a Service)?
What is the primary advantage of using HaaS (Hardware as a Service)?
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Which of the following best describes SaaS (Software as a Service)?
Which of the following best describes SaaS (Software as a Service)?
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What does WUE stand for and what does a low value indicate?
What does WUE stand for and what does a low value indicate?
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In a multi-carrier data center like 350 E Cermak, what is a key function?
In a multi-carrier data center like 350 E Cermak, what is a key function?
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What is an example of PaaS (Platform as a Service)?
What is an example of PaaS (Platform as a Service)?
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What can be inferred about the cooling system described?
What can be inferred about the cooling system described?
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What is one of the key features of modern cloud computing related to access?
What is one of the key features of modern cloud computing related to access?
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What amount of data refers to the data-intensive nature of cloud computing?
What amount of data refers to the data-intensive nature of cloud computing?
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Which programming paradigms are noteworthy in today’s cloud computing ecosystem?
Which programming paradigms are noteworthy in today’s cloud computing ecosystem?
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What does the massive scale feature in modern cloud computing indicate?
What does the massive scale feature in modern cloud computing indicate?
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What was the significant growth in the number of machines reported for Microsoft Cosmos by 2013?
What was the significant growth in the number of machines reported for Microsoft Cosmos by 2013?
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What is the estimated total cost of EC2 when considering both storage and CPU expenses?
What is the estimated total cost of EC2 when considering both storage and CPU expenses?
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Which of the following costs are included in the monthly own costs for the system?
Which of the following costs are included in the monthly own costs for the system?
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How is storage preferable in a breakeven analysis compared to owning?
How is storage preferable in a breakeven analysis compared to owning?
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What does Emulab allow its users to specify for their cluster?
What does Emulab allow its users to specify for their cluster?
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What is the term for a virtual division of nodes in PlanetLab?
What is the term for a virtual division of nodes in PlanetLab?
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What was the primary reason startups prefer cloud resources?
What was the primary reason startups prefer cloud resources?
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Who founded PlanetLab?
Who founded PlanetLab?
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Which factor is significant in computing the breakeven point for overall costs?
Which factor is significant in computing the breakeven point for overall costs?
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Which company had the largest market share in the timesharing industry in 1975?
Which company had the largest market share in the timesharing industry in 1975?
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What was the primary data link speed in the United States in 1985?
What was the primary data link speed in the United States in 1985?
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Which of the following computing systems was used as a large datacenter in the 1940s?
Which of the following computing systems was used as a large datacenter in the 1940s?
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What does the doubling period for CPU compute capacity refer to?
What does the doubling period for CPU compute capacity refer to?
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What was a significant characteristic of the storage growth trends mentioned?
What was a significant characteristic of the storage growth trends mentioned?
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Which project is associated with the development of supercomputers in the 1960s?
Which project is associated with the development of supercomputers in the 1960s?
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In what period did P2P systems become widely used?
In what period did P2P systems become widely used?
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Which industry experienced a market growth from $70 million in 1968 to $3.15 billion in 1978?
Which industry experienced a market growth from $70 million in 1968 to $3.15 billion in 1978?
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What did Fernando Corbató envision in 1965 related to computer facilities?
What did Fernando Corbató envision in 1965 related to computer facilities?
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Which data processing advancement occurred after the use of vacuum tubes and mechanical relays?
Which data processing advancement occurred after the use of vacuum tubes and mechanical relays?
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Study Notes
Data Center Overview
- Location: 350 East Cermak, Chicago
- Size: 1.1 million square feet
- Significance: Essential for Chicago Mercantile Exchange; utilized by multiple carriers
Server Architecture
- Structure: Divided into front and back ends with a focus on security for sensitive data
- Power Access: Combination of on-site and off-site power sources
Power and Efficiency Metrics
- WUE: Water Usage Effectiveness; lower values indicate better efficiency (l/kWh)
- PUE: Power Usage Effectiveness; a lower ratio signifies a more energy-efficient facility (e.g., Google around 1.1)
Cooling Systems
- Method: Air intake from the top, coupled with water spraying for cooling; operates 15 motors per server bank
On-Demand Access Services (aaS)
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Types:
- HaaS: Hardware as a Service, providing bare metal access with potential security risks
- IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service; flexible computing infrastructure (e.g., AWS EC2, Google Cloud)
- PaaS: Platform as a Service; access to computing infrastructure with integrated software (e.g., Google App Engine)
- SaaS: Software as a Service; on-demand software access (e.g., Google Docs)
Financial Impact of Cloud Services
- Operational Cost Reduction: Online services can cut IT costs by approximately 30%.
- Resource Sharing: Private cloud solutions lead to significant savings; e.g., Sybase reported nearly $2 million saved annually.
Cloud Computing Definition
- Encompasses a combination of storage, processing power, and network resources.
Cloud Architecture
- Components: Includes compute nodes, switches, network topology, and storage nodes; follows a three-tier architecture
- Geographical Distribution: Multisite clouds with varied structures and services.
Historical Progression of Data Centers
- Timeline: Notable transitions from vacuum tube systems (1940s) to modern cloud architectures. The first large data centers and supercomputers emerged in the mid-1900s.
Storage and Bandwidth Trends
- Doubling Periods: Storage doubles approximately every 12 months, bandwidth every 9 months, and CPU capacity every 18 months.
- Bandwidth Evolution: Increased from primarily 56Kbps (1985) to widespread Tbps links by 2015.
Users in Cloud Computing
- Changing Needs: From simple simulations in the 1990s to massive data analysis and high-performance computing today (e.g., CERN's Large Hadron Collider).
Modern Cloud Features
- Massive scale, on-demand access, data-intensive nature, and new programming paradigms (e.g., MapReduce, NoSQL).
Cloud Scale Examples
- Facebook: Grew from 30K machines to 180K in three years (2012).
- Microsoft Cosmos: Reported usage of 110K machines by 2013.
Outsourcing vs. Ownership Analysis
- Breakeven analysis suggests that ownership becomes preferable after certain month thresholds regarding costs.
Academic Cloud Resource: Emulab
- Purpose: Provides a cluster with ~500 servers for research; users can emulate specific network topologies and gain root access.
Community Cloud Resource: PlanetLab
- Composition: ~1077 nodes across 500 global sites, allows users to conduct worldwide experiments via a federated model.
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Description
Explore the critical features of the 350 East Cermak data center in Chicago, which spans 1.1 million square feet and supports multiple carriers. Learn about its significance to the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the security measures in place for sensitive data.
