Chapter 9: Data Breach Response and Enforcement Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What constitutes a notifiable data breach within an organization?

Any unauthorized access to any personal data.
A breach that results in significant harm to affected individuals ( = > 500 individuals). (correct)
A breach that affects fewer than 500 individuals.
A breach involving the copying of personal data alone.

Which of the following personal data alone would NOT typically result in significant harm upon breach?

An individual's net worth combined with their salary.
An individual’s national identification number with financial information.
An individual’s full name in isolation. (correct)
An individual’s credit card number combined with personal identification data.

When is an organization required to notify PDPC of a data breach no later than three working days?

Where a data breach affects 500 or more individuals, the organisation is required to notify the Commission, even if the data breach does not involve any prescribed personal data (correct)
Only for breaches involving financial account numbers.
Data breach results, or is likely to result, in significant harm to the affected individuals (i.e. where the compromised personal data falls within certain prescribed categories); or is of a significant scale (i.e. if the actual or estimated number of affected individuals is 500 or more). (correct)
Whenever any unauthorized access occurs, regardless of impact.
Only if 1,000 or more individuals are affected.

Which scenario would require notification to the Commission regardless of the nature of the data breached?

A breach affecting 500 or more individuals, regardless of whether the data breached invovled prescribed personal data. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of personal data is explicitly mentioned as causing significant harm to individuals if breached?

An individual’s national identification number with wages and income details. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the 'C' in the CARE activities of a data breach response plan?

To contain the breach and prevent further compromise of data (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which action is essential in the initial response to a data breach according to the CARE model?

Conducting an appraisal to determine the extent of the breach (A) Signup and view all the answers

Under which circumstance is reporting a data breach to the PDPC mandatory?

If the breach is a notifiable data breach under the PDPA (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the CARE activities in response to a data breach?

Assuring customer confidence in the organization (B) Signup and view all the answers

Under the CARE framework, what should be done after assessing risks and impact in a data breach scenario ('A')?

(Select two most applicable)

Continuing efforts should be made to prevent further harm from the data breach (@), Evaluate responses and implement preventative measures (C) Signup and view all the answers

What types of incidents might lead to a personal data breach?

Malicious activity, human error, and computer system error (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence for organizations that fail to comply with the PDPA upon a data breach?

Financial penalties and enforcement actions from the PDPC (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of establishing a Data Breach Management Team?

To make time-critical decisions during a data breach. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances should the Data Breach Management Team be alerted?

When an employee becomes aware of any personal data protection breach. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What should an organization's personal data breach management process include?

Documented scenarios and responses to potential personal data breaches. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential action organizations might prepare as part of their breach management process?

Contingency plans for possible data breach scenarios. (C) Signup and view all the answers

When might the Data Protection Officer (DPO) handle a situation rather than the Data Breach Management Team?

For one-off and minor breaches affecting very few individuals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of an effective personal data breach management process?

Regular updates to the organization's employee handbook. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What should be clearly established and documented regarding the Data Breach Management Team?

The command and reporting structure of team members. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of running regular breach simulation exercises?

To better prepare for prompt and effective breach responses. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be included in a data breach management process to ensure proper alerting?

The contact details of individual team members. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested first step an organization should take when a personal data protection breach occurs?

Assess how many individuals are affected by the breach. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which action should be recorded in an Incident Record Log following a data breach?

Details of the data breach and post-breach responses. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the event of suspecting criminal activity during a data breach, which entity is advised to be alerted?

The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why should organizations prepare to notify legal counsel and technical forensic specialists during a data breach?

To access expertise for potential containment and remediation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What should organizations expect regarding the assessment of a data breach as more details emerge?

The initial assessment may need to be revised. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason to contact the Police in case of a data breach?

To seek guidance on how to inform affected individuals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect organizations must consider when notifying stakeholders after a breach?

Legal and regulatory requirements for reporting must be followed. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of an Incident Record Log after a breach?

To facilitate follow-up investigations and demonstrate reasonable steps taken. (A) Signup and view all the answers

When a data breach is identified, what should the organization primarily focus on regarding the affected individuals? (Select one)

Determining remedial actions to reduce harm to individuals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What critical factor can organizations face regarding the dynamic situation following a data breach?

The possibility of needing to revise assessments and action plans. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first action an organization should take upon containment of a data breach?

Contain the breach to minimise potential harms (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which question is NOT part of assessing the risks to individuals affected by the data breach?

What measures were taken to contain the breach? (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which contextual factor should an organization consider regarding the data breach?

Whether the personal data was made publicly available before the breach (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data should be prioritized for harm assessment during a data breach evaluation?

Sensitive personal data with the potential for high harm (A) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is considered essential when assessing individuals whose data was compromised?

The categories of individuals affected, such as age or type of relationship with the organization (D) Signup and view all the answers

In assessing the context of a data breach, which factor is least critical?

The complexity of the organization’s data encryption (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures would be least effective in containing a data breach?

Relying on outdated backup systems (C) Signup and view all the answers

Who should be informed about the data breach immediately after its containment?

The Data Breach Management Team and senior management (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand the circumstances surrounding a data breach?

To assess the real reasons that led to the breach (D) Signup and view all the answers

The PDPC may investigate by issuing ______(NTPs). It is important for the organisation to respond to the PDPC within the stipulated deadline as a failure to comply with the NTP may constitute an offence under the PDPA. The organisation should inform the PDPC (and provide its reasons) if it requires an extension of time. What does 'NTPs' stand for?

Notices to Require Production of Documents and Information (@) Signup and view all the answers

When a personal data breach occurs, it is important to _______ .

Select the option that best fits.

Contain the breach (@) Signup and view all the answers

It is important to include the __________ under which the person(s) would be notified in the event of a data incident. Select the option that best fits the blank.

contact mode/details and circumstances (D) Signup and view all the answers

Under the CARE framework, the 'A' stands for assessing the risk and impact. What are the two most important facts to determine? (Select 2 most applicable)

the Root Cause of the breach (A), The effectiveness of the containment action (@) Signup and view all the answers

Under the CARE framework, the "R" for reporting requires that the organization consider which two options of the following? (Select two)

Immediate notification to affected individuals if required under the Data Breach Notification Obligation (A), Notify PDPC if determined to be a notifiable breach, in accordance with the PDPA (@) Signup and view all the answers

Under the CARE framework, which of the following measures should be considered to contain the breach? (Select all that apply)

Shut down the compromised system that led to the data breach; (A), Establish whether steps can be taken to recover lost data and limit any damage caused by the breach. (e.g. remotely disabling a lost notebook containing personal data of individuals.); (C), Prevent further unauthorised access to the system. Reset passwords if accounts and passwords have been compromised; (D), Put a stop to practices that led to the data breach. (e.g. shredding paper documents containing personal data instead of throwing into the garbage bin.); (@), Isolate the causes of the data breach in the system, and where applicable, change the access rights to the compromised system and remove external connections to the system; (@) Signup and view all the answers

Under the CARE framework, which of the following measures should be considered to contain the breach? (Select all that apply)

Address lapses in processes that led to the data breach; (A), Notify the police if criminal activity is suspected and preserve evidence for investigation.(e.g. hacking, theft or unauthorised system access by an employee.) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Upon containment of the data breach ('C'), the organization should conduct an in-depth assessment of the data breach, which would involve questions such as:

(Select two that apply)

How and when was the personal data protection breach escalated? (A), What measures were taken by the organization to contain the breach? (D) Signup and view all the answers

The organisation needs to assess the risks to and impact on individuals whose personal data has been exposed (including risks of unauthorized access, disclosure, and exfiltration of data). The questions to which the organisation needs answers in this context are: (Select three options that apply)

what types of personal data were involved, in particular, how sensitive is the personal data that was involved and the corresponding potential harm caused by the disclosure or access etc. of such personal data? (B), who, by category, are these individuals – for example, are they customers of the organisation, employees of the organisation, are they under the age of 18, etc.? (A), How many individuals’ personal data was affected? (@) Signup and view all the answers

In assessing the likely impact of the data breach, the organization should consider the following:

(Select three options that apply)

Whether the personal data affected was already available publicly (A), The ease with which an affected individual can be identified from the compromised data increases the likelihood of harm and impact to the individual. (B), Circumstances of the data breach. e.g. malicious intent (D) Signup and view all the answers

There are no statutory exceptions to notfiying the PDPC under the PDPA. However, there are exceptions to informing the individuals.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

The exception to notifying the affected individuals of a data breach is ____.

To performing ongoing investigations (C), Personal data was encrypted to a reasonable standard (D), Remedial action was taken to reduce risk of significant harm (@) Signup and view all the answers

What categories are considered "Prescribed Personal Data" under the PDPA? (Select all that apply)

National Registration Identity Card (NRIC) numbers (A), Passport numbers (B), Biometric data (C), Financial account numbers (D), Health information (@) Signup and view all the answers

In the event of a Notificable Breach, what content should be included in the notification to the PDPC? (Select all that apply)

How the data breach occurred. (C), The number of individuals affected by the data breach. (D), The date and circumstances in which the organization first became aware that the data breach had occurred. (A), An account of steps taken afterwards, including the organization’s assessment of whether the breach is notifiable. (B), any action by the organisation to (i) eliminate or mitigate any potential harm to any affected individual; and (ii) address or remedy any failure or shortcoming that resulted in the breach; (@), the reasons for late notification and/or the grounds for not notifying affected individuals (if the organisation is otherwise required to notify), where applicable. (@) Signup and view all the answers

What content should be included in the notification to the affected individuals? (Select all that apply)

The circumstances in which the organization first became aware that the data breach had occurred. (A), The personal data or classes of personal data affected. (B), The potential harm to the affected individuals as a result. (C), Any action by the organization to eliminate or mitigate any potential harm to any affected individual. (D), The steps that the affected individual may take to eliminate or mitigate any potential harm as a result. (@), Contact details of at least one authorized representative whom the affected individual can contact for further information or assistance. (@) Signup and view all the answers

In conducting a review and improving the personal data protection breach management plan, which of the following elements should an organization consider including in a post-breach evaluation? (Select all that apply)

Data breach management plan and response (A), Existing measures and processes (B), Roles of external parties (C), Managing the data breach (D), Training (@), Root cause analayis and post-breach actions taken (@) Signup and view all the answers

What sort of enforcement options are available to the PDPC? (Select all that apply)

Suspension or discontinuation of the investigation (A), Voluntary undertaking (B), Expedited breach decision (C), Full investigation process (D) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Data Breach Management Plan

A plan outlining actions to take in case of a data breach, aiming to contain damage, assess risks, report incidents, and evaluate the response.

Data Breach Management Team

A team responsible for implementing the data breach management plan, handling incident response, and coordinating communication with relevant parties.