Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does Prescriptive Actionability in XAI primarily focus on?
What does Prescriptive Actionability in XAI primarily focus on?
- Documenting AI compliance for legal purposes
- Providing technical details about AI algorithms
- Explaining the implications of AI results for human decisions (correct)
- Maximizing the performance of AI models without human input
Which stakeholders are prioritized in the context of Prescriptive Actionability?
Which stakeholders are prioritized in the context of Prescriptive Actionability?
- Data scientists and statisticians
- Developers and engineers
- Regulators and auditors
- Managers and users (correct)
In the context of Accumulated Local Effects (ALE) plots, what do the Y values represent?
In the context of Accumulated Local Effects (ALE) plots, what do the Y values represent?
- The percentage prevalence of each category
- The causal relationships between variables
- The distribution of X values
- The average predictions made by the model (correct)
What is indicated by a median line in an ALE plot?
What is indicated by a median line in an ALE plot?
Why might regulators require explicit documentation of AI compliance?
Why might regulators require explicit documentation of AI compliance?
What percentage of senior citizens have private insurance according to the sample?
What percentage of senior citizens have private insurance according to the sample?
What is the primary focus of predictive analytics?
What is the primary focus of predictive analytics?
In what situation is prescriptive analytics typically employed?
In what situation is prescriptive analytics typically employed?
Which insurance type covers the least percentage of the senior citizen sample?
Which insurance type covers the least percentage of the senior citizen sample?
What does a lower Mean Absolute Error (MAE) indicate in predictive modeling?
What does a lower Mean Absolute Error (MAE) indicate in predictive modeling?
Which of the following statements about automated machine learning (AutoML) is correct?
Which of the following statements about automated machine learning (AutoML) is correct?
Which factor is a legitimate use of predictive analytics?
Which factor is a legitimate use of predictive analytics?
What is a common misconception about the primary focus of prescriptive analytics?
What is a common misconception about the primary focus of prescriptive analytics?
What is considered the target or label in supervised learning?
What is considered the target or label in supervised learning?
Which of the following statements accurately describes relevant concepts?
Which of the following statements accurately describes relevant concepts?
What managerial action is appropriate for concepts classified as Not Relevant?
What managerial action is appropriate for concepts classified as Not Relevant?
What does the analysis step in actionable explanation involve?
What does the analysis step in actionable explanation involve?
How should managers respond if a concept is identified as controllable?
How should managers respond if a concept is identified as controllable?
What is a key reason for periodically verifying concepts classified as Not Relevant?
What is a key reason for periodically verifying concepts classified as Not Relevant?
What characteristic defines an Ultimate concept in a project?
What characteristic defines an Ultimate concept in a project?
What is the primary focus when gathering all concepts available?
What is the primary focus when gathering all concepts available?
What does high control imply for managers regarding the values of a concept?
What does high control imply for managers regarding the values of a concept?
Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for managers with low or no control over a concept?
Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for managers with low or no control over a concept?
What is the primary responsibility of managers when they have high control over a concept?
What is the primary responsibility of managers when they have high control over a concept?
Which type of analytics helps managers see the big picture in past data?
Which type of analytics helps managers see the big picture in past data?
How should managers respond to increased hospital stays if they have low control over the influencing factors?
How should managers respond to increased hospital stays if they have low control over the influencing factors?
What is a focus of prescriptive analytics for managers?
What is a focus of prescriptive analytics for managers?
In situations where managers have no control, what is key for them to do?
In situations where managers have no control, what is key for them to do?
What type of control means that managers have some influence but rely heavily on external factors?
What type of control means that managers have some influence but rely heavily on external factors?
Why is a predictive model with high interpretability preferred over one with low interpretability?
Why is a predictive model with high interpretability preferred over one with low interpretability?
What is an essential goal when using predictive models?
What is an essential goal when using predictive models?
What is a limitation of simulations in predictive analytics?
What is a limitation of simulations in predictive analytics?
How do explainable AI (XAI) approaches contribute to predictive analytics?
How do explainable AI (XAI) approaches contribute to predictive analytics?
Which stakeholders are primarily responsible for ensuring AI is appropriate for organizational objectives?
Which stakeholders are primarily responsible for ensuring AI is appropriate for organizational objectives?
What distinguishes the analytical 'importance' of variables from their managerial actionability?
What distinguishes the analytical 'importance' of variables from their managerial actionability?
What can effectively guide actions in multiple scenarios during predictive analysis?
What can effectively guide actions in multiple scenarios during predictive analysis?
What is one drawback of predictive models that lacks explainability?
What is one drawback of predictive models that lacks explainability?
What is the primary purpose of Algorithmic Transparency in XAI?
What is the primary purpose of Algorithmic Transparency in XAI?
Who primarily benefits from the Algorithmic Transparency aspect of XAI?
Who primarily benefits from the Algorithmic Transparency aspect of XAI?
What does Realistic Representation in XAI aim to provide?
What does Realistic Representation in XAI aim to provide?
Which of the following stakeholders is most concerned with Ethical Responsibility in XAI?
Which of the following stakeholders is most concerned with Ethical Responsibility in XAI?
What is a key challenge associated with Ethical Responsibility in XAI?
What is a key challenge associated with Ethical Responsibility in XAI?
What role do domain experts play in the context of Realistic Representation?
What role do domain experts play in the context of Realistic Representation?
Which concept is closely related to both Realistic Representation and generalizability?
Which concept is closely related to both Realistic Representation and generalizability?
What does the Ethical Responsibility aspect of XAI encompass?
What does the Ethical Responsibility aspect of XAI encompass?
What does Prescriptive Actionability in XAI primarily facilitate?
What does Prescriptive Actionability in XAI primarily facilitate?
Which of the following best represents the main audience for Prescriptive Actionability?
Which of the following best represents the main audience for Prescriptive Actionability?
In the context of ALE plots, what does being far from the median line indicate?
In the context of ALE plots, what does being far from the median line indicate?
Which aspect of XAI is aimed at persuading managers to adopt AI technologies?
Which aspect of XAI is aimed at persuading managers to adopt AI technologies?
What is indicated by the rug plots in ALE analysis?
What is indicated by the rug plots in ALE analysis?
What is the primary aim of prescriptive analytics?
What is the primary aim of prescriptive analytics?
Which percentage of the surveyed senior citizens reportedly had no insurance?
Which percentage of the surveyed senior citizens reportedly had no insurance?
Which aspect focuses on understanding how things work and choosing priorities?
Which aspect focuses on understanding how things work and choosing priorities?
In predictive analytics, what does a lower Mean Absolute Error (MAE) indicate?
In predictive analytics, what does a lower Mean Absolute Error (MAE) indicate?
What type of insurance covers the majority of the surveyed senior citizens?
What type of insurance covers the majority of the surveyed senior citizens?
What is a key feature of predictive analytics?
What is a key feature of predictive analytics?
Which of the following statements most accurately defines automated machine learning (AutoML)?
Which of the following statements most accurately defines automated machine learning (AutoML)?
Which important function does prescriptive analytics serve for managers?
Which important function does prescriptive analytics serve for managers?
Why is a predictive model with high interpretability considered more valuable?
Why is a predictive model with high interpretability considered more valuable?
What is the primary goal of using predictive models?
What is the primary goal of using predictive models?
What is a significant drawback of simulations in predictive analytics?
What is a significant drawback of simulations in predictive analytics?
Which action should managers take when they have low or no control over a concept?
Which action should managers take when they have low or no control over a concept?
How does Explainable AI (XAI) enhance managerial actions?
How does Explainable AI (XAI) enhance managerial actions?
What is a key responsibility of managers when they possess high control over a concept?
What is a key responsibility of managers when they possess high control over a concept?
What distinguishes the 'importance' of variables from their 'managerial actionability'?
What distinguishes the 'importance' of variables from their 'managerial actionability'?
Which aspect of control implies that managers can only influence values to a degree?
Which aspect of control implies that managers can only influence values to a degree?
Who are the primary stakeholders responsible for ensuring the appropriateness of AI for organizational objectives?
Who are the primary stakeholders responsible for ensuring the appropriateness of AI for organizational objectives?
In the context of managerial implications, what should be the primary focus when observing a concept with low control?
In the context of managerial implications, what should be the primary focus when observing a concept with low control?
What should managers primarily do when they observe that a concept is increasing in value but they have low control?
What should managers primarily do when they observe that a concept is increasing in value but they have low control?
What is a key limitation of accurate predictions in predictive modeling?
What is a key limitation of accurate predictions in predictive modeling?
What aspect of descriptive analytics helps managers when analyzing past data?
What aspect of descriptive analytics helps managers when analyzing past data?
What is the significance of simulating the effects of prescribed actions in predictive analytics?
What is the significance of simulating the effects of prescribed actions in predictive analytics?
Which of the following describes prescriptive analytics?
Which of the following describes prescriptive analytics?
What is the significance of an Ultimate concept in a project?
What is the significance of an Ultimate concept in a project?
Which type of relevance indicates a concept has no impact on the Ultimate?
Which type of relevance indicates a concept has no impact on the Ultimate?
When a concept is categorized as Relevant, what managerial action is recommended?
When a concept is categorized as Relevant, what managerial action is recommended?
What is the managerial implication of classifying a concept as 'Not Relevant'?
What is the managerial implication of classifying a concept as 'Not Relevant'?
How should concepts be gathered initially in actionable explanation?
How should concepts be gathered initially in actionable explanation?
What differentiates the classifications of concepts in actionable explanation?
What differentiates the classifications of concepts in actionable explanation?
What characterizes a concept that is deemed Ultimate?
What characterizes a concept that is deemed Ultimate?
What is a key managerial implication when a concept is categorized as controllable?
What is a key managerial implication when a concept is categorized as controllable?
What is the primary focus of Algorithmic Transparency in explainable AI?
What is the primary focus of Algorithmic Transparency in explainable AI?
Which audience primarily benefits from Ethical Responsibility in explainable AI?
Which audience primarily benefits from Ethical Responsibility in explainable AI?
What role do domain experts play in Realistic Representation?
What role do domain experts play in Realistic Representation?
What is a key challenge associated with ensuring Ethical Responsibility in AI?
What is a key challenge associated with ensuring Ethical Responsibility in AI?
Which concept is important for Algorithmic Transparency to prevent misconceptions?
Which concept is important for Algorithmic Transparency to prevent misconceptions?
What does Realistic Representation strive to achieve in explainable AI?
What does Realistic Representation strive to achieve in explainable AI?
Which element is crucial for stakeholders to consider regarding the ethical use of AI?
Which element is crucial for stakeholders to consider regarding the ethical use of AI?
What is a common misconception about the benefits of Algorithmic Transparency?
What is a common misconception about the benefits of Algorithmic Transparency?
What percentage of senior citizens in the sample have no insurance at all?
What percentage of senior citizens in the sample have no insurance at all?
What is a primary focus of prescriptive analytics?
What is a primary focus of prescriptive analytics?
Which of the following best describes predictive analytics?
Which of the following best describes predictive analytics?
In which situation would benchmarking be particularly useful in predictive analytics?
In which situation would benchmarking be particularly useful in predictive analytics?
What is a characteristic of the input factors in predictive analytics?
What is a characteristic of the input factors in predictive analytics?
What methodological approach is often used to enhance the accuracy of predictive models?
What methodological approach is often used to enhance the accuracy of predictive models?
Which group has the highest percentage of insurance coverage among the senior citizens surveyed?
Which group has the highest percentage of insurance coverage among the senior citizens surveyed?
What is a significant use of predictive analytics for managers?
What is a significant use of predictive analytics for managers?
What does Algorithmic Transparency primarily aim to achieve?
What does Algorithmic Transparency primarily aim to achieve?
Which stakeholder primarily benefits from the Realistic Representation aspect of XAI?
Which stakeholder primarily benefits from the Realistic Representation aspect of XAI?
What is a key aspect of Ethical Responsibility in XAI?
What is a key aspect of Ethical Responsibility in XAI?
Which challenge is commonly faced when balancing explainability and accuracy in AI models?
Which challenge is commonly faced when balancing explainability and accuracy in AI models?
What role do domain experts play in the context of XAI for Realistic Representation?
What role do domain experts play in the context of XAI for Realistic Representation?
What is the significance of addressing privacy in Ethical Responsibility of XAI?
What is the significance of addressing privacy in Ethical Responsibility of XAI?
Which concept is NOT closely associated with Algorithmic Transparency?
Which concept is NOT closely associated with Algorithmic Transparency?
What is a primary goal of XAI related to Prescriptive Actionability?
What is a primary goal of XAI related to Prescriptive Actionability?
Why is a good predictive model with high interpretability considered more valuable than one with low interpretability?
Why is a good predictive model with high interpretability considered more valuable than one with low interpretability?
What is the primary objective when using predictive models in decision-making contexts?
What is the primary objective when using predictive models in decision-making contexts?
Which statement accurately characterizes the relationship between managerial action and the explanations derived from analytics?
Which statement accurately characterizes the relationship between managerial action and the explanations derived from analytics?
What is one potential disadvantage of using simulations in predictive analytics?
What is one potential disadvantage of using simulations in predictive analytics?
What is essential for explaining how various input features influence the target variable?
What is essential for explaining how various input features influence the target variable?
How do stakeholders of Explainable AI (XAI) benefit from its implementation?
How do stakeholders of Explainable AI (XAI) benefit from its implementation?
In the context of explainable AI, what distinguishes the analytical importance of a variable from its managerial actionability?
In the context of explainable AI, what distinguishes the analytical importance of a variable from its managerial actionability?
What role do simulations play in the decision-making process of predictive analytics?
What role do simulations play in the decision-making process of predictive analytics?
What is the primary function of descriptive analytics?
What is the primary function of descriptive analytics?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of data visualization?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of data visualization?
In the context of health insurance for seniors, what is an important aim for health insurance managers?
In the context of health insurance for seniors, what is an important aim for health insurance managers?
Which variable is identified as the prediction target in the US National Medical Expenditure Survey dataset?
Which variable is identified as the prediction target in the US National Medical Expenditure Survey dataset?
Which of the following statements about prescriptive analytics is true?
Which of the following statements about prescriptive analytics is true?
What is a key goal for health insurance managers targeting senior citizens?
What is a key goal for health insurance managers targeting senior citizens?
Which demographic variable is included in the dataset to analyze insurance members?
Which demographic variable is included in the dataset to analyze insurance members?
How does descriptive analytics support data-driven decision-making?
How does descriptive analytics support data-driven decision-making?
What does high control imply for managers in relation to concepts?
What does high control imply for managers in relation to concepts?
When managers have low or no control over a concept, what action should they undertake?
When managers have low or no control over a concept, what action should they undertake?
What is the primary responsibility of managers when they possess high control over a concept?
What is the primary responsibility of managers when they possess high control over a concept?
How might concepts affect their controllability?
How might concepts affect their controllability?
Which aspect of analytics helps managers anticipate future trends?
Which aspect of analytics helps managers anticipate future trends?
What best describes the level of influence managers have when all factors are external?
What best describes the level of influence managers have when all factors are external?
In scenarios where managers experience low control, why is proactive measurement crucial?
In scenarios where managers experience low control, why is proactive measurement crucial?
Which stage of data analytics suggests actionable steps to managers?
Which stage of data analytics suggests actionable steps to managers?
What does the concept of prescriptive actionability in XAI primarily enable managers to achieve?
What does the concept of prescriptive actionability in XAI primarily enable managers to achieve?
In the context of accumulated local effects (ALE) plots, what do the rug plots represent?
In the context of accumulated local effects (ALE) plots, what do the rug plots represent?
Which of the following best describes the role of causality in prescriptive actionability?
Which of the following best describes the role of causality in prescriptive actionability?
How do interactive explanations in XAI contribute to user experience?
How do interactive explanations in XAI contribute to user experience?
Why might industries with strong regulatory requirements mandate documentation of AI compliance?
Why might industries with strong regulatory requirements mandate documentation of AI compliance?
Flashcards
Predictive model interpretability
Predictive model interpretability
The ease with which a predictive model's decisions can be understood.
Intervention goal
Intervention goal
To improve target outcomes, not just reproduce them.
Input feature influence
Input feature influence
Understanding how input variables affect the target variable.
Prescriptive analytics
Prescriptive analytics
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Explainable AI (XAI)
Explainable AI (XAI)
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Actionability of explanations
Actionability of explanations
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Managerial actionability
Managerial actionability
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Stakeholder perspective
Stakeholder perspective
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Predictive Analytics
Predictive Analytics
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Predictive Analytics Use Cases
Predictive Analytics Use Cases
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Insurance Coverage of Seniors
Insurance Coverage of Seniors
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Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
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Gradient Boosted Tree Model
Gradient Boosted Tree Model
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Input Factors
Input Factors
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High-Accuracy Estimation/Prediction
High-Accuracy Estimation/Prediction
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Prescriptive Actionability
Prescriptive Actionability
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Causality in XAI
Causality in XAI
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Interactive Explanations in XAI
Interactive Explanations in XAI
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ALE Plot: Y-Value
ALE Plot: Y-Value
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ALE Plot: Rug Plot
ALE Plot: Rug Plot
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Algorithmic Transparency
Algorithmic Transparency
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Realistic Representation
Realistic Representation
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Ethical Responsibility in XAI
Ethical Responsibility in XAI
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Fairness in XAI
Fairness in XAI
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Privacy in XAI
Privacy in XAI
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External Regulators
External Regulators
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Actionable Explanation
Actionable Explanation
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Primary Goals of Explainable AI (XAI)
Primary Goals of Explainable AI (XAI)
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Ultimate Concept
Ultimate Concept
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Relevant Concept
Relevant Concept
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Not Relevant Concept
Not Relevant Concept
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Concept Classification
Concept Classification
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Controllable Concept
Controllable Concept
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Uncontrollable Concept
Uncontrollable Concept
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Concept Timeframe
Concept Timeframe
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Controllability of Concepts
Controllability of Concepts
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High Control
High Control
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Low Control
Low Control
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No Control
No Control
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Managerial Implications of Controllability
Managerial Implications of Controllability
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High Control - Managerial Action
High Control - Managerial Action
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Low/No Control - Managerial Action
Low/No Control - Managerial Action
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Proactive Response to Concept Changes
Proactive Response to Concept Changes
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Interpretable Model Value
Interpretable Model Value
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Meaningful Explanations
Meaningful Explanations
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XAI for Trust
XAI for Trust
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Private Insurance
Private Insurance
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Medicaid
Medicaid
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Importance of Input Factors
Importance of Input Factors
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Automated Machine Learning (AutoML)
Automated Machine Learning (AutoML)
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Algorithmic Transparency (XAI)
Algorithmic Transparency (XAI)
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Realistic Representation (XAI)
Realistic Representation (XAI)
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Ethical Responsibility (XAI)
Ethical Responsibility (XAI)
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External Regulators (AI)
External Regulators (AI)
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Prescriptive Actionability (XAI)
Prescriptive Actionability (XAI)
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What are the primary goals of XAI?
What are the primary goals of XAI?
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Interactive Explanations
Interactive Explanations
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High Control - Action
High Control - Action
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Low/No Control - Action
Low/No Control - Action
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Concept Controllability
Concept Controllability
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Data Visualization
Data Visualization
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What are the 3 stages of data analytics?
What are the 3 stages of data analytics?
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Health Insurance for Seniors
Health Insurance for Seniors
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Input Features
Input Features
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Interpretability vs. Accuracy
Interpretability vs. Accuracy
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Stakeholders of XAI
Stakeholders of XAI
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Predictive Analytics vs. Prescriptive Analytics
Predictive Analytics vs. Prescriptive Analytics
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Simulations in Predictive Modeling
Simulations in Predictive Modeling
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Accumulated Local Effects (ALE) Plots
Accumulated Local Effects (ALE) Plots
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Ethical Responsibility
Ethical Responsibility
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Study Notes
Data Analytics Stages
- Three stages of data analytics exist: descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive.
- Descriptive analytics involves analyzing past data to identify patterns and trends.
- Predictive analytics uses past data to predict future outcomes.
- Prescriptive analytics suggests actions to improve future outcomes.
Descriptive Analytics and Data Visualization
- Descriptive analytics analyzes past data to show clear patterns and trends.
- Data visualization tells an interesting, insightful story, presenting data intuitively and accurately.
- Data visualization ensures accurate and non-misleading interpretation, avoiding statistical deception.
Role-playing Exercise (Health Insurance)
- Managers are tasked with managing a health insurance provider for senior citizens (66+).
- Health insurance allows individuals to contribute to future healthcare costs. The U.S. typically covers all medical costs and some have Medicaid, similar to the French Assurance maladie. In comparison France also has a mutuelle model. The French mutuelle covers large healthcare costs.
- Members' healthcare costs are to be paid, and they must have fewer medical needs.
US National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES) Dataset
- The dataset comprises 4,406 senior citizens (66+).
- Variables include hospital stays, self-perceived health, chronic conditions, activity level, region, age, race, gender, marital status, education, income, employment status, private insurance, and Medicaid coverage.
- 75% of the sample has private insurance, 9% have Medicaid, and 15% have no insurance.
Al-powered Descriptive Analytics with Microsoft Excel
- The video discusses Excel Al, a tool for effortless data analysis.
Predictive Analytics
- Predictive analytics analyzes past data to predict the future, assuming the future resembles the past.
- The primary focus is accurate prediction of the target outcome, but factors leading to that outcome are not necessarily causal.
- Predictive analytics can be used to prioritize tasks, anticipate events with minimal control, or establish benchmarks for prescriptive analysis.
- Automation (AutoML) frequently yields strong results in predictive analysis.
Meaningful Explanations for Prescriptive Analytics
- Prescriptive analysis improves target outcomes rather than reproducing them.
- The objective is to interpret input factors' influence on outcomes to guide interventions.
- It is more valuable to have a clear interpretation of why a model is doing something rather than an accurate answer that does not reveal the inner workings.
Explainable AI (XAI)
- XAI focuses on human-understandable explanations of Al's processes and results.
- It aims to simplify internal model operations and remove misconceptions for a better understanding.
- XAI can make certain models easier to understand and apply in various real-world contexts, and be more relatable to users.
Stakeholders of XAI
- Stakeholders include managers, users, developers of Al (programmers, analysts, engineers), and external regulators.
- Stakeholders have specific goals for XAI, including algorithmic transparency, realistic representation of data, ethical responsibility, and prescriptive actionability.
Accumulated Local Effects (ALE) Plots
- ALE plots display the influence of variables on average predictions, utilizing various visualizations that illustrate how input variables affect predicted values, with details concerning distribution and prevalence.
Actionable Explanation Process
- Concepts related to the ultimate goal are categorized based on their controllability and importance.
- Data analysis methods are used based on the specified concepts.
- Concepts are categorized again post-analysis and grouped according to actionable explanation types.
Key Attributes of Concepts in XAI Explanation
- Concepts are classified in terms of their relevance, controllability, and if they are relevant or not.
- Relevance covers concepts that have an ultimate impact for which managers should take action.
- Controllability refers to concepts controlled by managers, but non-controllable concepts can be studied for anticipation.
Relevance of Concepts
- Ultimate concepts are the primary target or label in supervised machine learning.
- Relevant concepts impact the ultimate concept in a measurable way.
- Irrelevant concepts have minimal impact on the ultimate concept.
- Relevant and not relevant concepts are studied with implications for actions the manager should take based on this knowledge.
Controllability of Concepts
- High control denotes considerable managerial influence over concept values.
- Low control implies limited managerial influence, as other external factors play a significant role.
- No control indicates no managerial influence over values.
Managerial Implications of Controllability
- High control suggests a managerial responsibility to shape the target concept in a favorable direction.
- Low/no control emphasizes the need for observation, anticipation, and proactive responses to changes in the concept.
Evaluation of the Teacher
- Comments should be inclusive of liked aspects, areas requiring improvement, and general classroom management.
- Separated evaluation links will be used for homework and instructor sessions. Comments on homework are not to be included.
Conclusion
- Data analytics stages (descriptive, predictive, prescriptive) provide increasingly valuable insights for managers.
- XAI (Explainable AI) helps managers understand contributing factors to a machine learning model's predictions and helps action plans.
- Actionable explanations will aid managers to focus analysis results allowing them to respond to the greatest desired impact.
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