Darwin vs. Lamarck: Evolution Theories

• Darwin and Lamarck both made significant observations regarding evolution.

Darwin's Observations

• Organisms that survived were suited to their environments.
• Similar species exhibited traits that aligned with their specific environments.
• Species on different islands might be related.
• Species share a common ancestor.
• Species had adaptations that increased their fitness in their specific environment.
• Organisms that live longer are better adapted.
• Individuals with the most suitable variations tend to survive, according to natural selection.
• Adaptations can be physical or behavioral.
• Evolution is the change in species over time.
• Populations produce more offspring than can survive.
• Natural selection directly affects individual organisms.

Lamarck's Observations

• Changes are adaptations to the environment acquired during an organism's life.
• Acquired changes are passed to offspring.
• The "law of use and disuse" states that body parts used become stronger, while those not used deteriorate.
• Inheritance of acquired characteristics suggests that organisms gain or lose traits during their lifetime through use or disuse.
• Traits acquired or lost during an organism's lifetime can be inherited.
• Over time this may lead to a new species.
• There's a "tendency towards perfection," where organisms constantly change and acquire helpful features.

Evolutionary Concepts and Definitions

• Vestigial Structures: Give two examples
• Common Ancestor: Give two examples
• Homologous Structures: Give two examples
• Species: Give two examples
• Gene Pool:
• Consequences of Interbreeding: There is no change in the frequency of the alleles
• Mutation: Explain and give 2 examples
• Gene Shuffling: Explain and give 1 example
• Sexual Reproduction: Explain the results with an example
• Genotypes:
• Phenotypes:

Evolutionary Mechanisms and Traits

• "Widow's peak" in humans:
• Polygenic Trait: Explain and give an example.
• Directional Selection: Explain and give 1 example
• Stabilizing Selection: Explain and give 1 example
• Disruptive Selection: Explain and give one example
• Genetic Drift: Explain and give one example
• "Founder Effect": Explain and give one example
• Genetic Equilibrium: Explain and give 1 example

Isolation and Speciation

• Geographic Isolation: Explain and give one example.
• Reproductive Isolation: Explain and give one example
• Temporal Isolation: Explain and give 1 example
• "Founding Population": Explain and give 1 example.
• Speciation: Explain citing the Galapagos finches.