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Why was the Agrarian Reform Programs labeled as 'revolutionary' by some sectors?
What major program was instituted by Proclamation 131?
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
The 1987 Philippine Constitution affirmed that the State should not promote rural development and agrarian reform.
False
The 1987 Constitution affirmed that 'The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and __________ reform.'
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When was the Department of Agrarian Reform renamed to the Department of Land Reform?
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The Spanish introduced the 'pueblo' system which made all native families legitimate landowners.
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What was the land cultivation method commonly used during pre-colonial times in the Philippines?
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The Laws of the Indies implemented by the Spanish crown awarded vast tracts of land to __________ in the country.
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During the Japanese occupation, what anti-Japanese group was organized by peasants and workers on March 29, 1942?
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All of the municipalities passed and enforced the Rice Tenancy Law during Manuel L. Quezon's administration.
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Who was considered the 'Father of Agrarian Reform' in the Philippines?
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President Marcos signed into law the Code of Agrarian Reforms in the Philippines or RA No. ____ and its companion bill RA No. ____.
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Match the President with the corresponding action taken for land reform:
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What does Bayanihan mean?
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What is the purpose of the KARZONEs program in CARP implementation?
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President Aquino's administration focused on sustaining the gains of agrarian reform through the components of Land Tenure Improvement (LTI), Program Beneficiaries Development (PBD), and Agrarian Justice Delivery (AJD) to complete asset reform as mandated by R.A. No. 9700, also known as ___.
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President Duterte plans to place almost all public lands, including military reserves, under agrarian reform. (True/False)
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Study Notes
DAR Historical Background
- 1978: The country adopted a parliamentary form of government, and the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) was renamed Ministry of Agrarian Reform.
- 1987: Executive Order No. 129-A reorganized the DAR structurally and functionally, expanding its powers and operations.
- 2004: Executive Order No. 364 renamed the Department to Department of Land Reform, broadening its scope and making it responsible for all land reform in the country.
- 2005: Executive Order No. 456 renamed the Department back to Department of Agrarian Reform.
- Present administration: The DAR is focused on sustaining the gains of agrarian reform through three components: Land Tenure Improvement, Program Beneficiaries Development, and Agrarian Justice Delivery.
Agrarian Reform History
Pre-Colonial Times (Before 16th Century)
- The Philippines had a developed community organization, with land owned by barangays consisting of 30-100 families.
- Everyone in the community had access to the land and shared resources.
- The concept of "stewardship" was practiced, where the relationship between man and nature was important.
- Land cultivation was done using the kaingin system or the slash and burn method.
Spanish Era (1521-1896)
- The Spanish introduced the "pueblo" agriculture system, where native rural communities were organized into pueblos and each Christianized family was given 4-5 hectares of land to cultivate.
- The land was property of the Spanish King, and native families paid colonial tributes in the form of agricultural products.
- The economy was opened to the world market, and the hacienda system was developed as a new form of ownership.
- The Laws of the Indies and the encomienda system were implemented, awarding vast tracts of land to religious orders and Spanish military.
- The natives became mere tillers working for a share of crops.
American Era (1898-1935)
- The Americans passed several land policies to widen the base of small landholdings and distribute land ownership among Filipino tenants and farmers.
- The Philippine Bill of 1902 provided regulations on the disposal of public lands, allowing private individuals to own 16 hectares of land and corporate land holdings to avail of 1,024 hectares.
- The Torrens system of land registration was introduced to replace the Spanish registration system.
- The Land Registration Act of 1902 and the Cadastral Act of 1907 were implemented to speed up the issuance of Torrens titles.
- The Homestead Program was introduced in 1903, allowing enterprising tenants to acquire farms of at least 16 hectares to cultivate.
- Other agrarian laws were introduced, including the First Public Land Act, the Second Public Land Act, and the Friar Land Act.
Commonwealth Years (1935-1942)
- The situation of land ownership and tenancy was characterized by the contrasting economic and political lifestyle between tenant and landlord.
- Landlords became richer and more powerful, while tenants were deprived of their rights and became poorer.
- Peasant uprising became widespread all over the country.
- The government implemented land reform programs, including the purchase of friar lands and the Homestead program.
Japanese Era
- During the Japanese occupation, peasants and workers organized the HUKBALAHAP, an anti-Japanese group that took over vast tracts of land and gave them to the people.
- Landlords were overpowered by the peasants, but retrieved their lands at the end of the war.
Evolution of Initiatives on Land Reform
- Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944): Passed laws such as RA 4054, the Rice Tenancy Law, and established the National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARICC).
- Manuel Roxas (1946-1948): Passed RA 34, which established a 70-30 sharing arrangement between tenant and landlord.
- Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953): Established the Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) to accelerate and expand the peasant resettlement program.
- Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957): Convinced Congress to pass several legislation, including RA 1199, the Agricultural Tenancy Act, RA 1160, the Free Distribution of Resettlement and Rehabilitation and Agricultural land, and RA 1400, the Land Reform Act.### Garcia (1957-1961)
- Continued implementing land reform programs started by President Magsaysay
- No new legislation was passed during his term
Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965)
- Enacted the Agricultural Land Reform Code or RA No. 3844 on August 8, 1963
- Abolished share tenancy in the Philippines
- Aimed to free tenants from the bondage of tenancy and give them hope to own the land they tilled
- Implemented the owner-cultivator relationship and farmer independence, equity, and productivity improvement
- Pioneered the program in seven provinces
Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
- Signed into law the Code of Agrarian Reforms in the Philippines or RA No. 6389 and its companion bill RA No. 6390
- Created the Department of Agrarian Reform, a separate administrative agency for agrarian reform
- Instituted Presidential Decree No. 2, proclaiming the entire country as a land reform area
- Decreed the emancipation of tenants from the bondage of soil, transferring ownership to them
- Lowered landholding ceilings to 7 hectares
- Implemented the Agrarian Reform Program, a package of services extended to farmers
Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)
- Enacted the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) through Executive Order 229
- Established the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF) with a budget of 50 billion pesos
- Created the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) with expanded powers and operations
- Issued several Executive Orders to implement CARP, including EO 228, EO 229, and EO 405
- Achievements include:
- Grants and budgetary support from ODA circles
- Improvement in tenant-tiller status
- Introduction of the adjudication system
- Implementation of livelihood and agro-industrial projects
- Support from stakeholders such as people's organizations, farmer's associations, NGOs, and landowners
Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
- Enhanced internal operating systems and strengthened DAR bureaucracy
- Tapped more resources to implement CARP
- Formulated guidelines and procedures for land acquisition and distribution
- Issued several Administrative Orders, including DAR AO No. 2 (1992), DAR AO No. 1 (1993), and others
Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998-2001)
- Launched the Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo (MAGKASAKA) program
- Focused on joint venture schemes and contract growing schemes to enhance farmer income
- Reworked performance targets, focusing on land distribution and support services
- Launched the agrarian justice fund for farmer beneficiaries and DAR field workers
- Forged alliances with countries implementing AR through the International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010)
- Adopted the Bayan-Anihan framework for CARP implementation
- Strategies included Salin-Lupa, Katarungan, Bayanihan, Kabayanihan, and Kamalayan
- Introduced the Kapit-Bisig sa Kahirapan Agrarian Reform Zones (KARZONEs) program
- Implemented the Gulayan Magsasakang Agraryo and the Diosdado Macapagal Scholarship Program
Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" C. Aquino III (2010-2016)
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Focused on sustaining agrarian reform through Land Tenure Improvement (LTI), Program Beneficiaries Development (PBD), and Agrarian Justice Delivery (AJD)
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Strategic directions included:
- Completing asset reform as mandated by R.A. No. 9700
- Prioritizing the subdivision of collective CLOAs involving LBP-compensable lands
- Fast-tracking the documentation and settlement of landowner compensation
- Synergizing efforts with CARP implementing agencies
- Partnering with CSOs in LTI services### President Aquino's Administration
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DAR's Program Beneficiaries Development (PBD) priorities include convergence initiatives with rural development agencies to complement resources and streamline efforts of DAR, DA, and DENR.
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PBD focuses on inking public-private partnerships (PPPs) to develop models of collaboration and business models in AR areas with CSOs, academe, research and development institutions, and LGUs.
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Expanding official development assistance (ODA) portfolio to augment incomes for PBD.
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Integrating LTI and PBD on a province-to-province basis.
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Shifting focus of low-LAD balance provinces to PBD.
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Unlocking credit facilities for agrarian reform beneficiaries through capacity development for credit providers and farmer-borrowers.
Agrarian Justice Delivery
- Putting the legal framework in place to expedite the LAD process and undertake PBD lawyering to ensure ARBs' free and informed consent on agribusiness agreements.
- Developing common templates and legal outlines to rationalize the DAR lawyers' and paralegals' appreciation and decision on cases.
- Improving the capabilities of DAR lawyers and legal officers.
- Utilizing information, communication technology (ICT) to enhance legal work.
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 – present)
- President Duterte wants to pursue an "aggressive" land reform program to help alleviate the life of poor Filipino farmers by prioritizing the provision of support services alongside land distribution.
- Launching the 2nd phase of agrarian reform, where landless farmers would be awarded undistributed lands under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
- Placing almost all public lands, including military reserves, under agrarian reform.
- 400 hectares of agricultural lands in Boracay were placed under CARP.
- Creating an anti-corruption task force to investigate and handle reports on alleged anomalous activities by officials and employees of the department.
- Pursuing an "Oplan Zero Backlog" in the resolution of cases in relation to agrarian justice delivery of the agrarian reform program to fast-track the implementation of CARP.
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Description
This quiz covers the historical background of the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) in the Philippines, including its renaming and changes in structure and powers.
