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What is the significance of San Ignacio Church in Intramuros and who designed it?
What is the significance of San Ignacio Church in Intramuros and who designed it?
San Ignacio Church is significant as the first church designed by a Filipino architect, Felix Roxas.
What architectural style is primarily associated with the Manila Cathedral after its restoration?
What architectural style is primarily associated with the Manila Cathedral after its restoration?
The Manila Cathedral is associated with the Neo Romanesque architectural style.
Why is Barasoain Church in Bulacan historically important in the context of Philippine governance?
Why is Barasoain Church in Bulacan historically important in the context of Philippine governance?
Barasoain Church is important as it hosted the 1st Philippine Congress and marked the inauguration of the 1st Philippine Republic.
What function did the Sacristia serve in Spanish colonial churches?
What function did the Sacristia serve in Spanish colonial churches?
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List one of the main features of Spanish colonial church architecture as mentioned in the context.
List one of the main features of Spanish colonial church architecture as mentioned in the context.
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What role did the Manila Observatory play during the Spanish colonial period?
What role did the Manila Observatory play during the Spanish colonial period?
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How did the construction of churches like San Ignacio impact Filipino identity during Spanish colonization?
How did the construction of churches like San Ignacio impact Filipino identity during Spanish colonization?
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What was the primary purpose of the Foso in the architectural layout of a fort?
What was the primary purpose of the Foso in the architectural layout of a fort?
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What architectural style is the San Agustin Church in Intramuros known for?
What architectural style is the San Agustin Church in Intramuros known for?
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Which church is considered the oldest stone church in the Philippines?
Which church is considered the oldest stone church in the Philippines?
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Identify the main reason why the Sta. Maria Church in Ilocos Sur is architecturally significant.
Identify the main reason why the Sta. Maria Church in Ilocos Sur is architecturally significant.
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Why is Paoay Church referred to as an example of 'Earthquake Baroque'?
Why is Paoay Church referred to as an example of 'Earthquake Baroque'?
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What historical event led to the establishment of the Daraga Church in Albay?
What historical event led to the establishment of the Daraga Church in Albay?
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What restoration efforts were made to the Quiapo Church in Manila?
What restoration efforts were made to the Quiapo Church in Manila?
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What materials and architectural features define Taal Basilica's grandeur?
What materials and architectural features define Taal Basilica's grandeur?
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Which church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and features a facade incorporating a coconut tree motif?
Which church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and features a facade incorporating a coconut tree motif?
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What role did Miguel Lopez De Legazpi play in the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines?
What role did Miguel Lopez De Legazpi play in the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines?
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Describe the significance of Intramuros in Spanish colonial architecture.
Describe the significance of Intramuros in Spanish colonial architecture.
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What is the Cuadrícula, and how does it relate to Spanish colonial urban planning?
What is the Cuadrícula, and how does it relate to Spanish colonial urban planning?
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Explain the concept of Plaza Complex in Spanish colonial towns.
Explain the concept of Plaza Complex in Spanish colonial towns.
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What architectural styles emerged in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period?
What architectural styles emerged in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period?
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Discuss the historical significance of churches built during the Spanish colonial era.
Discuss the historical significance of churches built during the Spanish colonial era.
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What was the impact of the Spanish Galleon Trade on the economy of Manila?
What was the impact of the Spanish Galleon Trade on the economy of Manila?
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What are the main features of Fort Santiago, and why is it significant?
What are the main features of Fort Santiago, and why is it significant?
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Study Notes
Luzon Churches
-
San Agustin Church, Intramuros, Manila
- Built in the High Baroque style
- Oldest stone church in Manila
- First church built in Luzon
- UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Burned down twice in the 1500s
- Only Intramuros structure surviving WWII
- Ceiling paintings are in the Trompe L'oeil style
- Chinese Fu Dogs are at the entry
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Paoay Church, Ilocos Norte
- UNESCO World Heritage Site
- National Cultural Treasure (1973)
- Features a massive coral stone bell tower
- An example of "Earthquake Baroque"
-
Sta. Maria Church, Ilocos Sur
- Built in the 18th century
- Brick church on a hill
- Circular buttresses
- 85 steps
- Semicircular pediment
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Taal Basilica, Batangas
- Asia's largest Catholic Church
- Features Ionic and Corinthian columns, and three pediments
- Also know as the Basilica of St. Martin de Tours
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Baclayon Church, Bohol
- The oldest stone church in the Philippines
-
Daraga Church, Albay
- Established by people who fled the eruption of Mt. Mayon
- Features a tablet without columns or cornices, twisted columns, medallions, statues, and reliefs
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Quiapo Church, Manila
- Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene
- Includes a dome and a second belfry
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Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte
- Features a sinking bell tower
- The sinking is due to soft ground, unstable ground, and the weight of the materials used to construct the tower
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Vigan Cathedral, Ilocos Sur
- Metropolitan Cathedral of the Conversion of St. Paul the Apostle
- Features three arched doorways, Chinese fu dogs, and an urn-like finial at the pediment
-
Sto. Nino Church, Cebu
- The oldest church in the Philippines
- Includes Moorish, Romanesque, and Neoclassical elements
- Trefoils are featured on the doorways
-
San Sebastian Church, Manila
- The first all-steel church in Asia
- Facade is green due to oxidation
Visayas Churches
-
Miag-ao Church, Iloilo
- UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Also known as Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church
- Coconut tree facade
- Towers served as lookouts against Muslim raids
Other Luzon Churches
-
San Ignacio, Intramuros, Manila
- First church in the Philippines designed by a Filipino architect
- Designed by Félix Roxas
- Heavily damaged during the Battle of Manila in 1945
-
Manila Cathedral, Manila
- Neo-Romanesque style
- Restored in 2012 due to structural problems
- Restored by Fernando Campo
Other Visayas Churches
-
Church of the Holy Trinity, Iloilo City
- Built in 1906 by the Augustinian Recollects
- Neo-Gothic elements
- Located in the city center
Other Churches
-
Barasoain Church, Bulacan, Luzon
- Site of the First Philippine Congress
- Built in the Malolos Construction era
- Also known as the "Cradle of Philippine Democracy"
Spanish Colonial Architecture
-
Intramuros, Manila
- Concept based on Europe's walled fortresses
- Reserved for nobility and clergy
- Seven gates, made of bricks and hard adobe
- Walls approximately 2.4-3.6 meters tall and 25 ft above the moat
-
Plaza Complex
- Grid Street pattern
- Central Plaza
- Surrounded by the Church, the Tribunal (Court), other government buildings, and the marketplace
-
Fortresses
- Stone walls, moats, grid road layouts, bastions, keeps, and watchtowers
- Designed to cover blind spots and defend against Moro Pirates
- Real Fuerza de Santiago, also known as Fort Santiago, Intramuros
- Known as the "Shrine of Freedom"
- Constructed by the Spanish
Institutional Buildings
-
Malacañang Palace
- Summer residence of the Governor General
Schools
-
University of Sto. Tomas, Manila
- Asia's oldest established university
Hospitals
-
Hospital Real
- First hospital in the Philippines
- Built by the Franciscans
- Served only Spaniards
-
Hospital de San Gabriel
- Served the Chinese community in Binondo
-
Hospital de San Lazaro
- Served lepers
Observatories
-
Manila Observatory
- Also known as the Observatorio Astronomico Y Meteorologico De Manila
- Established by the Jesuits to assist in forecasting typhoons
Industrial Buildings
-
Bridges
- Puente de Espana (Bridge of Spain)
-
Colgante Suspension Bridge
- For pedestrians only
-
Tutuban Station
- MNL-Dagupan Railway Line
-
Lighthouses
- Pasig Farola (San Nicolas Lighthouse)
- The oldest lighthouse in the Philippines
-
Water System
- Carrieo Waterworks
- Free to the public
Businesses
- Sari-sari stores (convenience stores)
- Carinderias (small eateries)
-
Hotels
- Hotel La Palma de Mallorca
- Hotel de Paris
- Hotel de Espana
- Casa de Huespedes (boarding houses)
-
Banks
- Banco Espanol–Filipino de Isabel II (First bank built in the Philippines)
Church Parts
- Altar Mayor: Main Altar
- Sagrario: Tabernacle
- Pulpito: Pulpit
- Retablo: Ornamented Altar Screen
- Sacristia: Where the priest and assistants put on their robes
- Coro: Choir loft
- Tribunas: Screened Gallery
Key People
-
Ferdinand Magellan (1521)
- Portuguese explorer
- Landed in the Philippines
- Circumnavigated the Earth
- Known for the Battle of Mactan
-
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564)
- Brought Christianity to the Philippines
- Christianized most of the country
- Introduced European institutions and thought
-
Augustinian Juan Giron
- Rebuilt the San Agustin Church
-
Magpayo
- Rebuilt the San Agustin Church
-
Félix Roxas
- First Filipino architect
- Architect for the Manila Government
- Studied in England and Spain
-
Fr. Juan Macias
- Painted the “Immaculate Conception of San Agustin Church”
-
Antonio Estavillo
- "Earthquake Baroque" architect
-
Fr. Fernando Comporedondo & Gonzales
- Built Miag-ao Church
-
Benigno Fernandez
- Built Sta. Maria Church
-
Fr. Martin Aguirre, Anton, and Oliver
- Built Taal Basilica
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Bishop Domingo Salazar
- Built Manila Cathedral
-
Fernando Campo
- Restored Manila Cathedral
-
Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa
- Restored Quiapo Church
-
Fr. Joseph Ruiz
- Built Laoag Church
-
Fray Diego de Herrera
- Built Sto. Nino Church
-
Eiffel and Ar. Genaro Palacios
- Built San Sebastian Church
-
Antonio Cedeno and Engr. Diego Jordan
- Engineers who worked on San Sebastian Church
Key Terms
- Baroque: An artistic style characterized by dramatic, ornate detail, and grand scale.
- Trompe l'oeil: A type of art that creates a realistic illusion of three-dimensionality on a two-dimensional surface.
- Earthquake Baroque: Architectural style that emphasized robust construction and features like buttresses and thick walls to withstand earthquakes.
- Reduccion: A Spanish colonial policy that forced indigenous Filipinos to resettle into centralized communities.
- Encomienda System: A Spanish colonial system that granted land and labor to Spanish colonists.
- Cabecera: A Spanish colonial term for a city.
- Poblacion: A Spanish colonial term for a town.
- Barrios: A Spanish colonial term for adjacent neighborhoods.
- Cuadricula: A system of grid-patterned streets and blocks adopted by the Spanish in their colonial territories.
- Laws of the Indies: A set of legal codes governing Spanish colonial territories, including rules on urban planning and architecture.
- Plaza Complex: A central square surrounded by important civic buildings, such as churches, government buildings, and marketplaces.
- Real Fuerza de Santiago: A Spanish fort in Intramuros, Manila, that was built to defend against attacks.
- Moro Pirates: Muslim pirates who were active in the waters around the Philippines from the 16th to the 19th centuries.
- National Cultural Treasure: A designation given to buildings and artifacts in the Philippines with the highest cultural, historical, and artistic significance.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site: A designation given to properties recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization for their outstanding universal value to humanity.
Spanish Colonial Architecture
- Characteristics: Elevated location, orderly grid streets, central plaza, defensive walls, zones for churches, shops, government buildings, hospitals, and slaughterhouses.
Key Time Periods
- 1521: Ferdinand Magellan land in the Philippines.
- 1564: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi begins the Spanish colonization of the Philippines.
- 1890s: Art Nouveau emerges in the Philippines, with swirling vines and flowers as decorative elements.
- 1900s: The Nationalist Movement in the Philippines strengthens, led by key figures such as Jose Rizal and Emilio Aguinaldo.
- 1945: The Battle of Manila heavily damaged many buildings in Intramuros, including San Ignacio Church.
- 1973: Paoay Church was designated as a National Cultural Treasure
- 2012: Manila Cathedral was restored after structural problems.
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