Untitled Quiz

Progressive Ideas and Movements

• Capitalism: A system where trade and industry are privately owned for profit. Developed from feudalism and mercantilism, significantly expanding industrialization and mass production of consumer goods.

• Socialism: A political and economic theory advocating community ownership of production, distribution, and exchange. Developed in Western Europe during the late 18th and 19th centuries, a response to the growth of capitalism.

• Nationalism: Identification with one's nation and support for its interests. Often prioritizing national interests over others.

• Imperialism: A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. A powerful concept during the late 1800s.

• Darwinism: The theory of evolution by natural selection, as advanced by Charles Darwin in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species.

• Chartism: A working-class movement in 1836 London advocating for political rights.

• Egalitarianism: A philosophy promoting equality and equal treatment for all people.

Enlightenment

• Enlightenment: An intellectual and cultural movement in the 18th century emphasizing reason and science over superstition.

• Skepticism: A philosophical approach of doubting or questioning the truth of something.

• Reason: The power of human understanding to comprehend the universe and improve one's life.

• Individualism: The belief that individuals should develop their talents and live for themselves.

• Liberty: Freedom of religion, press, and government restrictions.

• Secularism: A worldview separating religion from other aspects of life and politics.

• Equality: The idea that all people are created equal.

• Fraternity: The idea of unity, brotherhood, and solidarity among citizens.

• Enlightenment Thinkers: Key figures who influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon (Lord Chancellor), Rene Descartes (philosopher & mathematician), Edmond Halley (astronomer), John Locke (philosopher & medical researcher) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (philosopher, writer, and political theorist)

The Industrial Revolution and French Revolution

• Industrial Revolution: A period of significant change from agrarian and craft production to machine manufacturing.

• French Revolution (Causes): Enlightenment ideas of fraternity, equality, and liberty, failing French economy, extravagant spending by King Louis XVI and his court (leaving France in debt), and King Louis XVI's poor ruling. Economic struggles and lavish lifestyle of the court contributed significantly.

• French Revolution (Key Events): Collapse of the Estates-General, Tennis Court Oath, Storming of the Bastille, establishment of the French republic, and Reign of Terror.

The Directory, Napoleonic Era, and Causes of WWI

• The Directory: A period of political instability after the French Revolution.

• Napoleonic Era: The period of power by Napoleon Bonaparte.

• Causes of WWI: Militarism, alliances, and imperialism.

• Militarism: European countries competing to build large militaries, sparking fear and the need for alliances.

• Alliances: A complex web of treaties linking nations, where alliances can draw nations into a conflict.

• Imperialism: Competition over colonies fueled tensions and conflicts between nations.

Nationalism and WWI

• Nationalism: A significant source of tension in Europe, often conflicting with imperial powers. It was prominent amongst Slavik people groups in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Balkans and Russia.

• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: A trigger for WWI, as plotters hoped to provoke a war with Serbia with the support of Russia.

• Interwar Period: A time between WWI and WWII.

• Why Did WWI End?: Germany's desperate situation, civil unrest, and the call for an armistice.

How did WWI lead to WWII?

• Treaty of Versailles: Forced harsh terms on Germany, fueling resentment and creating conditions for political instability that helped the rise of the Nazi party.

• Economic Crises: Hyperinflation and the Great Depression increased political instability and supported support for extremist parties like the Nazis.

• Treaty of Versailles (Summary): Forced Germany to reduce its military, give up territory (and resources), pay reparations, and face trial for war crimes.

Nature of WW2 Warfare, Australian Battles in WWI

• Nature of WW2 Warfare: Explosive weaponry advancements and new tactics.

• Australian Battles in WWI: The Battle of Fromelles, the Kokoda Track Campaign, the Battle of Milne Bay, and the Second Battle of El Alamein stand out as significant battles, with Australian military success. These contributed to the defense of the Australian continent and the broader war effort.

Australian Battles in WW2

• Australian Enlistment in WW1 and WW2: Initially, Australian enlistments were based on patriotism and duty to assist in the British Empire and to secure their own country, while later enlistments were motivated by duty and a desire to defend against the threat from Japan.

• The Gallipoli Campaign: A strategically important campaign that ended in stalemate and significant Australian casualties while establishing their reputation.

Prisoners of War

• WW1 POWs: Experienced harsh conditions, however, some officer camps had better conditions.

• WW2 POWs: Faced extremely horrific treatment, including torture, malnutrition, and forced labor. They endured inhumane conditions.

Women at War

• WW1 Women: Entered some new professions to support the war effort, but their roles were initially restricted based on traditional roles at home.

• WW2 Women: Played crucial roles in supporting the war, taking on jobs usually filled by men in areas such as commercial work and professional roles.

The impact of war on Australia

• WW1 and WW2: Wars impacted the Australian economy, politics, social conditions, and civil society, contributing to societal and political shifts.