Czujność sytuacyjna i technologie dotykowe

Situational Awareness (SA)

• SA is the ability to understand a situation in a given moment, particularly in a dynamic environment (understanding the current state of the process). It allows for conscious decisions (understanding what is most likely to happen).

Data vs. Information

• Data is raw numbers or facts that need analysis and context to become useful information. For example, "50" is data, but "50 degrees Celsius in the cooling system" is information.

Resistive vs. Capacitive Touch Panels

• Resistive Panel: Works by mechanical pressure, which alters resistance at the touch point. Useful in harsh conditions (e.g., industrial settings) because of its robustness against moisture and use with gloves. However, it is less responsive and has a less clear image, and it is susceptible to scratches and deformations. It doesn't support multi-touch.

• Capacitive Panel: Responds to changes in electrical charge caused by touch. More precise and faster than resistive panels, but not usable with gloves (unless specialized gloves are used). Typical in smartphones and consumer devices. Supports multi-touch.

HMI Visual Hierarchy and Navigation

• A visual hierarchy is used for high-performance HMI (Human-Machine Interface). There are multiple levels, each containing different information (overview, unit control, detail, support).
• Navigating between levels is possible via a navigation panel and menus.
• Levels with control, display, controller values, alarms, trends, and status should be visible.

HMI Colors & Alarms

• Neutral: Background colors, informational elements
• Cold: Normal process states, information
• Warm: Abnormal process states (alarms)
• Various shapes and intensities of color are used to differentiate alarm levels (e.g., triangles, squares, frame, intensity, blinking). High-priority alarms are generally red; lower-priority alarms are yellow.

User Functionality

• User Usability (UI): Effectiveness (assists the operator in completing tasks efficiently), performance (operator performs tasks efficiently), error resistance (attempts to correct operator errors), learnability (easy-to-use, intuitive, and visually appealing), and engagement.

Localization, Internationalization, Translation

• L10n (Localization): Adapting content to cultural specifics (language, units, date formats).
• i18n (Internationalization): Preparing a system for easy localization (e.g., support for multiple languages).
• t9n (Translation): Translating text. Challenges include differences in date formats, languages that are written right-to-left, and translating technical terms.

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

• SCADA systems monitor processes and provide information on irregularities. This system also handles data acquisition, archiving, and presenting information to users. This type of system is used in many industries, including water treatment, agriculture, and communications.

Historian

• A historian is a specialized database optimized for storing large amounts of historical data (chronologically ordered data). It is optimized for searching and retrieving information based on time, and is essential in analysing data trends and patterns. It differs from ordinary databases primarily due to its optimized design for large amounts of historical data.

Data Acquisition Methods (Historian)

• Forced Storage: Stores all data collected without filtering.
• Delta Storage: Stores data only when values are different from previously collected values.
• Time Deadband: Sets a minimum time interval between data points being stored. Only data points that occur after this minimal interval are stored.
• Value Deadband: Stores data only when the change exceeds a specified proportion.

Fault-Tolerant Control

• Fault-Tolerant Control (FTC): Aims to increase the safety and reliability of control systems in case of failures.
• Active FTC: Uses diagnostic information to control the process, as opposed to passive FTC
• Passive FTC: doesn't involve using diagnostic information.