Czech Verb Voice: Active and Passive

• The text is about verb voice, specifically active and passive voice in Czech.

Active Voice (Činný rod)

• The subject performs the action.
• Examples include: "The referee excluded the player," "The dog poops," and "Thieves stole my car."

Passive Voice (Trpný rod)

• The subject doesn't perform the action; someone or something else does.
• Examples include: "The player was excluded (by the referee)" and "The tickets for Dada sold out."

Purpose

• It's primarily used when the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant.
• Examples include: "Yeti was seen in the Himalayas," and "Mona Lisa was stolen."

Two Ways to Express Passive Voice

• Using the verb "BÝT" (to be) in any tense + passive participle.
  • Examples include: "was washed (BYL UMYT)," "will be announced (BUDE OZNÁMENO)."
  • The participle should not end in -Ý/Í -Á -É, because then it would be an adjective.
• Using the reflexive particle "SE" + 3rd person active voice.
  • Examples include: "The game is played by four (Hra SE HRAJE ve čtyřech)," and "Results are announced by email (Výsledky SE OZNAMUJÍ mailem)."
  • This construction should not be confused with the reflexive use of "SE"
  • There are also verbs that change meaning with "SE".
  • This is considered to be active voice with the subject performing the action.

Adverbs (Příslovce)

• Adverbs answer questions like "how much?" "until when?" "where?" and "to where?".
• They are an uninflected part of speech, but some can be compared
  • Use the suffixes '-eji' for comparative, and the prefixes 'nej' for superlative.
• Adverbs are formed from adjectives through derivation, using suffixes.
  • example: "rychlý - rychle" (fast - quickly), "pomalý - pomalu" (slow - slowly).
• Some adverbs originate from nouns without any change in form.
  • Example: ráno (morning), večer (evening), domů (home).

Adverbial Compounds (Příslovečné spřežky)

• Compounds are originally a preposition + noun/adjective/pronoun.

  • Example: u tom → vtom (in that).

• Compounds are generally written together.

• There is a small group of exceptions that can be written separately or together.

  • Example: poprvé/po prvé (first), zadruhé/za druhé (second).

• Writing the compound together is never wrong, separate writing can sometimes be a mistake.