Cytotechnology and Disease Detection
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Questions and Answers

Which category of epithelium is characterized by having multiple cell layers?

  • Simple epithelium
  • Transitional epithelium
  • Stratified epithelium (correct)
  • Cuboidal epithelium

    • What percentage of cervical cancer cases are typically of squamous origin?

  • 50%
  • 75%
  • 85% (correct)
  • 90%

    • Who is known as one of the first microscopists and microbiologists?

  • Robert Hooke
  • Q Papanicolaou
  • Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (correct)
  • Carl Zeiss

    • Which term describes a specimen that is unsatisfactory for microscopic evaluation?

    <p>Inadequate smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the standard method of specimen preparation in exfoliative cytology?

    <p>Smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Q Papanicolaou contribute to the field of cytopathology?

    <p>Development of the Pap smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an abnormal smear?

    <p>Exhibits precancerous or cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The development of cytology as a diagnostic discipline is primarily attributed to the work of which individual?

    <p>Q Papanicolaou</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor influences the appearance of cells during cytotechnology examination?

    <p>The type of fixative and stain used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium is characterized by a single layer of flat cells?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function is NOT typically performed by epithelial tissue?

    <p>Electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a basic component of cell structure?

    <p>Membrane-bound structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cytotechnology, what determines the interval between the stain and the collection of exfoliated cells?

    <p>The timing and method of sample processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is characterized by tightly cohesive sheets of cells?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells?

    <p>Simple cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the aggregate of cells that perform specific functions within an organism?

    <p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of cytopathology compared to surgical biopsy?

    <p>It allows repeated sampling without injury to tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main techniques used in exfoliative cytology?

    <p>Direct smears and concentrated material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about fine needle aspiration (FNA) is true?

    <p>It collects samples from organs that do not shed cells spontaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of cytopathology?

    <p>Interpretation depends solely on individual cell analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the concentration of watery and dilute body fluids important in cytopathology?

    <p>It allows for better visualization of cellular components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluids are NOT typically sampled using fine needle aspiration?

    <p>Urine specimens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common practice in the study of abrasive cytology?

    <p>Dislodging cells with a swab.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an unsatisfactory smear?

    <p>A smear that cannot be safely read due to insufficient cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is cytopathology considered especially useful?

    <p>For evaluating infectious diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)?

    <p>To remove the entire transforming zone for histologic analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of squamous cells?

    <p>Multi-layered cells lining the vagina and cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sensitivity refer to in the context of testing?

    <p>The ability of a test to detect a condition in all individuals who have it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about opportunistic smears is true?

    <p>They occur regardless of women’s screening requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term validity indicate in screening tests?

    <p>The accuracy in differentiating affected individuals from non-affected ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would a vault smear be performed?

    <p>After a total hysterectomy to examine the vaginal cuff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines exfoliative cytology?

    <p>Microscopic examination of naturally shed epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cervical ectropion refer to?

    <p>The eversion of columnar cells on the surface of the cervix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)?

    <p>CIN indicates abnormal growth of precancerous cells confined to the epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the term dyskaryosis?

    <p>It indicates nuclear abnormalities in cervical cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is eligible for cervical screening?

    <p>Women aged 25-60 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action referred to as 'failsafe' in a cervical screening program?

    <p>A protocol to ensure follow-up of smear results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a false negative result in cervical testing?

    <p>Indicating the absence of disease when it is actually present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which high-risk HPV types are associated with significant lesions?

    <p>Types 16 and 18.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of liquid-based cytology?

    <p>To prepare cervical cells for laboratory examination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cyto Technology

    • Involves studying human cells to detect diseases such as cancer using microscopy.
    • Samples can be taken from the uterine cervix, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, or body cavities.
    • Individual cells reflect normal and abnormal morphology of their tissue origins.

    Factors Affecting Cell Appearance

    • Technique used and level of cell maturation at collection time.
    • The nature of the parent tissue: soft tissue, cysts, or solid organs.
    • Sample medium, time between staining and collection, and type of fixative/stain influence results.

    Basic Cell Structure

    • Cells are membrane-bound structures essential for life and biological function.
    • An adult human consists of approximately 10-100 trillion cells.

    Tissues

    • Tissues are aggregates of similar cells with specific structures and functions.
    • Major types include epithelial, connective, muscle, haematopoietic, and nervous tissues.

    Epithelia

    • Composed of tightly cohesive sheets covering internal and external surfaces.
    • Classification is based on cell shape and arrangement; includes simple and stratified types.

    Early Cytology Origins

    • The microscope, crucial for cytology, was advanced by pioneers like Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke.

    Development of Cytology

    • Q Papanicolaou innovated the "Pap smear" for early uterine cancer detection and developed staining techniques.
    • His work focused on the female genital tract, influencing the clinical adoption of cytology.

    Key Terminologies

    • Smear: Specimen spread on a slide for microscopic examination.
    • Pap test: A cervical smear test named after Papanicolaou.
    • Biopsy: Tissue sample removal for microscopic analysis.
    • Cervical cytology: Examines cells from the cervix surface.

    Cervical Neoplasia

    • Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): Precancerous changes in cervical epithelium, categorized as CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3.

    Diagnostic Procedures

    • Liquid-based cytology: Harvested cervical cells placed in a transport solution before laboratory examination.
    • LLETZ: A treatment for removing abnormal cervical tissue, using a wire electrode.

    Exfoliative Cytology

    • Involves examining cells shed from epithelial surfaces or collected by physical means.
    • Common collection sites include the skin, urinary tract, cervix, and bodily fluids.

    Advantages of Cytopathology

    • Offers rapid, inexpensive diagnoses and is effective in assessing infectious diseases.
    • Allows for repeated sampling without tissue injury and monitors therapy progress.

    Disadvantages of Cytopathology

    • Relies on individual cell observation, which can limit diagnosis accuracy.
    • Final diagnosis may require confirmation through histopathological examination.

    Techniques in Exfoliative Cytology

    • Studies involve direct smears and concentrated materials via centrifugation or filtration.
    • Concentration techniques are vital for analyzing watery and dilute body fluids.

    Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

    • A technique for acquiring cells from non-shedding organs, useful in various diagnostic scenarios.

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    Cytotech 1.docx

    Description

    Explore the field of cytotechnology, focusing on the study of human cells to identify diseases such as cancer and other abnormalities. This quiz covers the examination of various samples, including those from the cervix, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. Test your knowledge on cellular alterations, adaptations, and the factors influencing cellular appearance.

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