Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of intermediate filaments?
What is the main function of intermediate filaments?
Which type of intermediate filament makes up the epithelium?
Which type of intermediate filament makes up the epithelium?
What is the subunit of intermediate filaments?
What is the subunit of intermediate filaments?
What are microtubules made of?
What are microtubules made of?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are cytoplasmic microtubules found?
Where are cytoplasmic microtubules found?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the main functions of cytoplasmic microtubules?
What are the main functions of cytoplasmic microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of intermediate filament is found in muscle and connective tissue?
Which type of intermediate filament is found in muscle and connective tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the size of microtubules?
What is the size of microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the cell do cilia and flagella belong to?
Which part of the cell do cilia and flagella belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of microtubules in the cell?
What is the main function of microtubules in the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of intermediate filament makes up the neural part of the embryo?
Which type of intermediate filament makes up the neural part of the embryo?
Signup and view all the answers
What are microtubules made up of?
What are microtubules made up of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between intermediate filaments and microtubules?
What is the main difference between intermediate filaments and microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines the growth of the positive end of a microtubule?
What determines the growth of the positive end of a microtubule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of thymosin b4 in relation to actin?
What is the function of thymosin b4 in relation to actin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein is responsible for making new branches on actin filaments?
Which protein is responsible for making new branches on actin filaments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of kinesins and dyneins?
What is the function of kinesins and dyneins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of histones in chromatin?
What is the function of histones in chromatin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which myosin class is involved in muscle contraction?
Which myosin class is involved in muscle contraction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main bacterial genome structure?
What is the main bacterial genome structure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of topoisomerases in DNA?
What is the function of topoisomerases in DNA?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to DNA at increased temperature and pH?
What happens to DNA at increased temperature and pH?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bases form complimentary pairs in DNA?
Which bases form complimentary pairs in DNA?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the structure of the DNA double helix?
What is the structure of the DNA double helix?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the size of intermediate filaments?
What is the size of intermediate filaments?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of intermediate filament is found in muscle and connective tissue?
Which type of intermediate filament is found in muscle and connective tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the subunit of microtubules?
What is the subunit of microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are cytoplasmic microtubules found?
Where are cytoplasmic microtubules found?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of neurofilaments?
What is the function of neurofilaments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of microtubules in the cell?
What is the main function of microtubules in the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between microtubules and intermediate filaments?
What is the main difference between microtubules and intermediate filaments?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the main functions of cytoplasmic microtubules?
What are the main functions of cytoplasmic microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of IF dimers?
What is the composition of IF dimers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of microtubules in the cell?
What is the main function of microtubules in the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein is responsible for making new branches on actin filaments?
Which protein is responsible for making new branches on actin filaments?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines the growth of the positive end of a microtubule?
What determines the growth of the positive end of a microtubule?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of intermediate filament makes up the neural part of the embryo?
Which type of intermediate filament makes up the neural part of the embryo?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of acidic and basic/neutral keratins?
What is the main function of acidic and basic/neutral keratins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of kinesins and dyneins?
What is the function of kinesins and dyneins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between intermediate filaments and microtubules?
What is the main difference between intermediate filaments and microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the main functions of cytoplasmic microtubules?
What are the main functions of cytoplasmic microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of intermediate filaments?
What is the main function of intermediate filaments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of vimentin and desmin in the cell?
What is the main function of vimentin and desmin in the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main bacterial genome structure?
What is the main bacterial genome structure?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to DNA at increased temperature and pH?
What happens to DNA at increased temperature and pH?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the size of microtubules?
What is the size of microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of histones in chromatin?
What is the function of histones in chromatin?
Signup and view all the answers
What are microfilaments composed of?
What are microfilaments composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacterial cytoskeletal element is involved in DNA segregation and cell shape?
Which bacterial cytoskeletal element is involved in DNA segregation and cell shape?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the major structural elements of the cytoskeleton?
What are the major structural elements of the cytoskeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of microtubules?
What is the composition of microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of intermediate filaments in eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of intermediate filaments in eukaryotic cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the bacterial cytoskeletal elements structurally similar to those in eukaryotes?
What are the bacterial cytoskeletal elements structurally similar to those in eukaryotes?
Signup and view all the answers
What are microtubules essential components of?
What are microtubules essential components of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton?
What is the dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cytoskeletal element is composed of tubulin subunits?
Which type of cytoskeletal element is composed of tubulin subunits?
Signup and view all the answers
What roles does the cytoskeleton play in the cell?
What roles does the cytoskeleton play in the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of proteins promote depolarization of microtubules?
Which type of proteins promote depolarization of microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What do some microtubule-binding proteins use ATP for?
What do some microtubule-binding proteins use ATP for?
Signup and view all the answers
What do microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) do?
What do microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) do?
Signup and view all the answers
Which proteins act at the ends of microtubules and promote the peeling of subunits from the ends?
Which proteins act at the ends of microtubules and promote the peeling of subunits from the ends?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of microtubule-stabilizing/bundling proteins like MAPs?
What is the function of microtubule-stabilizing/bundling proteins like MAPs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which proteins bind to tubulin heterodimers and prevent their polymerization?
Which proteins bind to tubulin heterodimers and prevent their polymerization?
Signup and view all the answers
What do some microtubule-binding proteins use ATP for?
What do some microtubule-binding proteins use ATP for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of microtubule-destabilizing/severing protein katanin?
What is the function of microtubule-destabilizing/severing protein katanin?
Signup and view all the answers
What do microtubule-binding proteins use ATP for?
What do microtubule-binding proteins use ATP for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of microtubule-destabilizing/severing protein stathmin/Op18?
What is the function of microtubule-destabilizing/severing protein stathmin/Op18?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the protein building blocks of microtubules?
What are the protein building blocks of microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What contributes to the dynamic instability of microtubules?
What contributes to the dynamic instability of microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)?
What is the function of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do microtubules originate from?
Where do microtubules originate from?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the inherent polarity of protofilaments in microtubules?
What is the inherent polarity of protofilaments in microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drugs target microtubule dynamics for cancer treatment?
What type of drugs target microtubule dynamics for cancer treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs more quickly at the plus ends of microtubules?
What occurs more quickly at the plus ends of microtubules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of microtubule assembly involving nucleation, elongation, and critical concentration of tubulin dimers known as?
What is the process of microtubule assembly involving nucleation, elongation, and critical concentration of tubulin dimers known as?
Signup and view all the answers
What do microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) do within cells?
What do microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) do within cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of ends do protofilaments in microtubules have?
What type of ends do protofilaments in microtubules have?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Microtubules: Structure, Assembly, and Function
- Microtubules (MTs) are the largest structural elements of the cytoskeleton, involved in various cell functions.
- Two types of microtubules exist: cytoplasmic microtubules and their functions in maintaining axons, formation of spindles, and cell shape.
- Tubulin heterodimers are the protein building blocks of microtubules, consisting of protofilaments with α and β-tubulin.
- Protofilaments have inherent polarity with plus and minus ends, and microtubules form through reversible polymerization of tubulin dimers.
- Microtubule assembly involves nucleation, elongation, and critical concentration of tubulin dimers.
- Addition of tubulin dimers occurs more quickly at the plus ends of microtubules, leading to treadmilling.
- GTP hydrolysis contributes to the dynamic instability of microtubules, involving GTP-tubulin and dynamic instability with catastrophe and rescue phases.
- Microtubules originate from microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) and centrosomes containing γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRCs).
- MTOCs organize and polarize microtubules within cells, nucleating and anchoring MTs with fixed polarity.
- Microtubules facilitate various cellular functions, including maintaining cell shape and facilitating intracellular transport.
- Microtubule-based drugs such as taxanes and vinca alkaloids target microtubule dynamics for cancer treatment.
- Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate microtubule dynamics and stability, influencing their functions in the cell.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge of the cytoskeleton with this quiz. Explore the different types of intermediate filaments and their roles in animal cells. Learn about the composition, stability, and functions of various classes of intermediate filaments, including keratins, vimentin, desmin, and neurofilament.
