Cytopreparatory Techniques and Specimen Collection
20 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What minimum volume is optimal for collecting a body fluid specimen for cytological analysis?

  • 10 ml
  • 200 ml
  • 50 ml
  • 100 ml (correct)

    • Which method is considered most acceptable for collecting cervical smears?

  • Suction device
  • Endoscopic brush
  • Spatula (correct)
  • Cotton swab

    • Which type of specimen is typically collected for cytological examination from the gastrointestinal tract?

  • Indirect scrapes (correct)
  • Blood samples
  • Urinary samples
  • Fecal samples

    • What is the preferred type of urine sample for cytological investigation?

    <p>Full voided specimen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytological fixative is commonly used for routine preparations?

    <p>95% ethyl alcohol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) technique?

    <p>Introduces saline via bronchoscope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cytology specimen involves the collection through a fine-needle aspiration (FNA)?

    <p>Lymph nodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a specific advantage of using 10% neutral formal saline as a fixative?

    <p>Fixation of serous clots (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic must be ensured for cytology specimens upon collection?

    <p>They should be accompanied by a completed requisition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical sites are specifically mentioned for collecting gastrointestinal tract specimens?

    <p>Mouth and colon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fixative is primarily used for urine specimens?

    <p>Acetic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fixing smears in 95% alcohol immediately?

    <p>To avoid drying out of samples (C), To preserve cellular structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining method is commonly used in cytological preparations?

    <p>Papanicolaou stain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used for preparing samples from fine needle aspirates?

    <p>Direct spread smears (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which types of specimens is direct spread smear collection appropriate?

    <p>Gynecological specimens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required before proceeding to prepare cell blocks from cytological specimens?

    <p>Liquefaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should cell suspensions obtained from centrifugation be treated before spreading on slides?

    <p>They should be removed carefully (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Romanowsky-type stain is used for detecting malaria in blood films?

    <p>Giemsa stain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does methanol play in the preparation of cytological smears?

    <p>Fixative for air-dried smears (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fine needle aspirates?

    <p>Requires centrifugation before placement on slides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cytology Specimen Collection

    Process of collecting and preparing samples for microscopic examination of cells, often for disease diagnosis.

    Specimen Integrity

    Maintaining the quality and condition of a sample to ensure accurate analysis.

    Patient Identification

    Clearly labeling the specimen container and slide with the patient's details to avoid errors.

    Cytology Requisition

    A form containing patient information, physician details, sample source, and clinical history, needed for each cytology specimen.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Body Fluid Specimens

    Samples collected from body fluids like pleural, peritoneal, or pericardial fluid.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cervical Smears

    Samples collected from the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to detect abnormal cells.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Respiratory Tract Specimens

    Samples collected from the lungs and airways, like sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA)

    A procedure using a thin needle to collect a sample from a body tissue or organ, often for diagnostic purposes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Urine Cytology

    Analysis of cells in urine samples for signs of disease.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Alcohol Fixation

    A method of preserving cells using alcohol for microscopic examination.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Specimen preparation for direct spread smears

    Direct spread smears are made by spreading specimens thinly and evenly on glass slides. Then specimens are immediately fixed in 95% alcohol.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Fine needle aspirate (FNA) smear preparation

    FNA samples are evenly distributed on two slides by placing one slide on top of the other containing the sample, then separating them quickly. Smears should be immediately fixed in 95% alcohol.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cytocentrifugation method

    Cytocentrifugation is used to concentrate cells in fluids like urine or effusions before transferring them to slides. This process separates cells from liquid.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cell block preparation

    Cell blocks are prepared from various cytology specimens, primarily effusions/aspirates, brush samples, and FNA. The specimen is liquefied and mixed with agar for processing like a tissue block

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Universal cytology stain

    The Papanicolaou stain (Pap stain) is the common stain used for cytological specimens.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Romanowsky stain use

    Romanowsky stains are used in blood and bone marrow films to detect parasites like malaria.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    5-Glutaraldehyde

    A fixative used for specimens for transmission electron microscopy.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Methanol fixing

    Methanol is used to fix air-dried smears, especially for cytology and other cell preparations.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Air-dried specimens and Romanowsky's stain

    Air-dried preparations are needed for Romanowsky's stain.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    95% alcohol fixation

    95% alcohol is used frequently to fix specimens and smears for cytology, preparing specimens for staining and viewing under microscope.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Cytopreparatory Techniques

    • Cytopreparatory techniques are used in histology
    • ThinPrep is a technique
    • Proper specimen collection is important

    Cytology Specimen Collection

    • Specimen integrity maintained by proper preservative
    • Sample identification is crucial
    • Patient identification must be clearly labeled on the specimen container and the slide

    Specimen Collections - General Information

    • All cytology specimens must be accompanied by a completed cytology requisition
    • The following information must be included:
      • Patient's full name
      • Physician's name
      • Saudi ID number
      • Date of specimen collection
      • Patient's date of birth
      • Source of specimen (anatomic site)
      • Brief clinical history (CLIA requirement)

    Types of Cytological Specimens

    • Body Fluid (Pleural, Peritoneal, Pericardial, and Synovial):
      • Collect 10-200 ml specimen in a leak-proof, screw-top wide-mouth container
      • Optimum sample size is 100 ml or larger
      • A cell block will be prepared if adequate specimen is obtained

    Cervical Smears

    • The most acceptable method for obtaining a satisfactory sample is using a spatula
    • The optimum sample should reach the transformation zone and the squamocolumnar junction of the cervix

    Pap Smears

    • Gynecological specimen collection for Pap smears
    • Use of different tools like brush and speculum

    Respiratory Tract

    • Sputum should be collected on 3 consecutive days
    • Early morning expectorate preferred before food or toothpaste use to prevent contamination
    • Sputum should come from a deep cough, not saliva, and collected in a sterile container

    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)

    • BAL involves introducing approximately 100 ml of sterile saline via bronchoscope
    • BAL is used for:
      • Investigating interstitial lung disease
      • Detecting pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
      • Identifying malignant disease
    • Bronchial brushings can also be obtained using a small nylon brush via bronchoscope

    Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

    • GI tract specimens obtained by indirect scrapes using endoscopic brushings and ultrasound-guided endoscopic FNA
    • Specimens collected from:
      • Oral
      • Laryngeal lesions
      • Esophagus
      • Gastric brush samples
      • Rectal and colon

    Urinary Cytology

    • A full voided specimen of urine is most appropriate for cytological investigation
    • The urine sample should not be the first morning sample nor a 24-hour collection as cells deteriorate quickly
    • Urine samples should be dispatched without delay to the laboratory for processing
    • Brush samples may be received from bladder, ureteric lesions, and kidney aspirates

    Fine-needle Aspiration (FNA)

    • FNA is an important and rapidly expanding area of cytodiagnosis
    • FNA is either of palpable or non-palpable lesions
    • Common sites for palpable lesions include breast, thyroid, soft tissue, and lymph nodes
    • Non-palpable lesions require identification by imaging (e.g., ultrasound, MRI) before FNA

    Miscellaneous Specimen Types

    • Skin scrapes may be taken in basal cell carcinoma cases
    • Nipple secretions collected directly onto glass slides and fixed immediately

    Cytological Fixatives

      1. Alcohol Fixation: Most laboratories use 95% ethyl alcohol for routine preparations requiring fixation. Industrial methylated spirit is a common substitute
      1. Coating Fixatives: Widely used for cervical smears, covering the cervical smear in a waxy coating to protect it from damage. These are composed of polyethylene glycol in an alcohol base and applied using a dropper bottle or spray form.

    Special Purpose of Fixatives

    • 10% neutral formalin saline for serous clots and cell blocks
    • Formal vapor for lipids. Saccomanno's fixative for sputum
    • Eposti's fixative for urine (equal volume of fixative to urine)
    • Glutaraldehyde for transmission electron microscopy
    • Air-dried preparations for Romanowsky stains
    • Methanol for fixing air-dried smears

    Specimen Preparation

    • Direct spread smears: for gynecological, cervix, vagina, and vulva specimens, collected using wooden or plastic spatulas. Specimens should be evenly and thinly spread and fixed immediately in 95% alcohol.
    • Fine needle aspirates: detach syringe from aspirator, air draw. Material is distributed over two slides placed on top of each other. Slides slid in opposite directions. Smears fixed immediately in 95% alcohol

    Cytocentrifugation

    • Urine, serous effusions, and watery lavages require cell concentration
    • Agitate specimens gently before transfer to glass slides
    • After centrifugation, cells should be at the bottom of the centrifuge tube
    • Remove the supernatant (liquid above cells)
    • Using a pipette carefully transfer cells, place on slide, and rapidly spread

    Cell Blocks

    • Cell blocks are methods for preparing cytology material, processed as histology sections.
    • They can be prepared from a variety of specimens like effusions for example, endometrial aspirations, and fine needle aspirates (FNAs)
    • Liquefaction is necessary prior to proceeding
    • The most common method is 2% agar in 100ml of distilled water.

    Cytology Staining

    • The universal stain is the Papanicolaou stain (Pap stain)
    • Harris's hematoxylin used as a nuclear stain
    • A combination of OG-6 (orange gelb) and EA 50 give subtle shades for cell cytoplasm (green, blue, and pink hues)

    Romanowsky Stains

    • Commonly used in blood and bone marrow films, to detect parasites such as malaria.
    • These stains consist of methylene blue/azur B and eosin dissolved in acetone-free methanol
    • Related stains include Jenner, Giemsa, May Grunwald Giemsa, and Leishman stains

    Some Useful Special Stains

    • PAS/diastase
    • Mucicarmine
    • Oil red O
    • Sudan black
    • Masson-Fontana
    • Grocott's methenamine silver
    • Immunocytochemistry

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Cytotechnology and Diagnostic Cytology Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential cytopreparatory techniques used in histology, focusing on proper specimen collection and specimen integrity. Participants will learn about different cytological specimens, the importance of patient identification, and the necessary information required for cytology requisitions.

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser