Cytology Part 1 Quiz

Cytology - Part 1

• Cytology is the study of cells.
• Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.
• Some organisms are made of one cell, others have many.
• Cells vary in size and cannot be seen with the naked eye.
• Microscopes are used to study cells.
• A microscope magnifies an object.
• Images from a microscope are called micrographs.
• Antony van Leeuwenhoek invented a microscope in 1591.
• He observed yeast, bacteria, blood cells, and tiny animals in water using his improved microscope.
• Cells are the smallest unit of living organisms with a function and composition in living organisms.

Cell Theory

• Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann proposed the unified cell theory.
• All living things are composed of one or more cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of life.
• New cells arise from existing cells.

Basic Structures of a Cell

• Cell membrane: Separates the cell's interior from its environment.
• Cytoplasm: Jelly-like material inside the cell.
• DNA: Genetic material of the cell.
• Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.

Types of Cells: Prokaryotic

• Simple cells, like bacteria and archaea.
• Mostly unicellular organisms.
• Lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• DNA is located in a region called the nucleoid.
• Have cytoplasm and ribosomes (70s).
• Have cell membranes.
• Most have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.

Types of Cells: Eukaryotic

• Complex cells, like animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
• Have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Have several rod-shaped chromosomes.
• Have cytoplasm and large ribosomes (80s).
• Have cell membranes.
• Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose.
• Some have flagella for locomotion.

Cell Wall (Prokaryotic)

• Provides protection.
• Maintains cell shape.
• Prevents dehydration.
• Some have a capsule made of polysaccharide.
• The capsule can help cells attach to surfaces.
• Some prokaryotes have flagella for locomotion.
• Some have pili for exchanging genetic material (plasmid transfer) during conjugation (a type of reproduction).

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic cells (Summary)