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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT true about prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is NOT true about prokaryotic cells?
Who is credited with improving the microscope and making discoveries like bacteria and yeast?
Who is credited with improving the microscope and making discoveries like bacteria and yeast?
The cell theory states that all living things are composed of one or more cells. What is the other key principle of this theory?
The cell theory states that all living things are composed of one or more cells. What is the other key principle of this theory?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
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Which of these structures is NOT found in all prokaryotic cells?
Which of these structures is NOT found in all prokaryotic cells?
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What is the function of the capsule in some prokaryotic cells?
What is the function of the capsule in some prokaryotic cells?
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What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic organism?
Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic organism?
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Study Notes
Cytology - Part 1
- Cytology is the study of cells.
- Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.
- Some organisms are made of one cell, others have many.
- Cells vary in size and cannot be seen with the naked eye.
- Microscopes are used to study cells.
- A microscope magnifies an object.
- Images from a microscope are called micrographs.
- Antony van Leeuwenhoek invented a microscope in 1591.
- He observed yeast, bacteria, blood cells, and tiny animals in water using his improved microscope.
- Cells are the smallest unit of living organisms with a function and composition in living organisms.
Cell Theory
- Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann proposed the unified cell theory.
- All living things are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- New cells arise from existing cells.
Basic Structures of a Cell
- Cell membrane: Separates the cell's interior from its environment.
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like material inside the cell.
- DNA: Genetic material of the cell.
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic
- Simple cells, like bacteria and archaea.
- Mostly unicellular organisms.
- Lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- DNA is located in a region called the nucleoid.
- Have cytoplasm and ribosomes (70s).
- Have cell membranes.
- Most have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
Types of Cells: Eukaryotic
- Complex cells, like animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
- Have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Have several rod-shaped chromosomes.
- Have cytoplasm and large ribosomes (80s).
- Have cell membranes.
- Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose.
- Some have flagella for locomotion.
Cell Wall (Prokaryotic)
- Provides protection.
- Maintains cell shape.
- Prevents dehydration.
- Some have a capsule made of polysaccharide.
- The capsule can help cells attach to surfaces.
- Some prokaryotes have flagella for locomotion.
- Some have pili for exchanging genetic material (plasmid transfer) during conjugation (a type of reproduction).
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic cells (Summary)
| Feature | Eukaryotic | Prokaryotic |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | True nucleus | No true nucleus |
| Organelles | Membrane-bound organelles | No membrane-bound organelles |
| Ribosomes | Large (80S) | Small (70S) |
| Cell wall | Cellulose (in plants) | Peptidoglycan |
| Flagella/Pili | (9+2) arrangement | Single microtubules |
| Cell size | Large (10-100µm) | Small (0.3-5µm) |
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Description
Test your knowledge on cytology and the fundamental concepts of cell biology. Explore the basics of cell structure, the cell theory, and the historical contributions to the study of cells. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of these essential topics in biology.
