Cytology Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Who is the head of the Histology Department at Benha University?

  • Prof.Dr. Hamada Kassem
  • Dr. Sarah Aly
  • Prof.Dr. Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby (correct)
  • Prof.Dr. Ahmed Hossam

Which faculty is associated with Prof.Dr. Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby?

  • Faculty of Medicine
  • Faculty of Engineering
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (correct)
  • Faculty of Science

What is the primary focus of the department led by Prof.Dr. Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby?

  • Pharmacology
  • Cytology (correct)
  • Pathology
  • Microbiology

In which academic discipline is Prof.Dr. Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby specialized?

<p>Histology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What title does Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby hold at Benha University?

<p>Professor of Histology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is classified as membranous?

<p>Mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the category of inclusions within a cell?

<p>Secretory granules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is referred to as the plasmalemma?

<p>Cell membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered a non-membranous organelle?

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inclusion involves endogenous pigments?

<p>Endogenous pigments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic describes extrinsic or peripheral proteins in the cell membrane?

<p>They are bound loosely and can change position over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are extrinsic proteins predominantly located in relation to the lipid bilayer?

<p>On one side of the lipid bilayer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bond type is associated with the attachment of extrinsic proteins to the cytoplasmic side?

<p>Non-polar bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the molecular theory of cell membranes primarily indicate?

<p>The biochemical structure of the cell membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of proteins within the lipid bilayer?

<p>Proteins can laterally move and change their position. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural components are included in the mitochondrial granules or elementary particles?

<p>Head, neck, and base (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of granules are found in the mitochondrial inner membrane?

<p>Matrix granules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes mitochondrial granules?

<p>They are composed of head, neck, and base. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the components of mitochondrial granules from other cellular structures?

<p>Their structure of head, neck, and base (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the presence of matrix granules within the mitochondria?

<p>They facilitate energy production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do lysosomes primarily contain?

<p>Hydrolytic enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH nature of the environment in which lysosomal enzymes operate?

<p>Acidic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about lysosomes is true?

<p>They contain hydrolytic enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of organelle are hydrolytic enzymes found?

<p>Lysosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes?

<p>Digestion of macromolecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of specialized junctions in cellular membranes?

<p>Control the fusion of the membrane with other membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do gap junctions contribute to cellular communication?

<p>They provide a passageway for certain molecules across cell membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a role of specialized junctions in membranes?

<p>Forming protective barriers against pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes gap junctions from other types of junctions in the membrane?

<p>They allow selective communication between neighboring cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of junctions in cellular membranes?

<p>They assist in the fusion of membranes and regulate intercellular communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Benha University

A university located in Benha, Egypt.

Veterinary Medicine

Study of animal health and diseases.

Histology Department

A department that studies the tissues of the body.

Cytology

Study of cells.

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Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal

Professor of Histology at Benha Veterinary Medicine

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Cytoplasm Components

Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance inside a cell, containing organelles and inclusions.

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Membranous Organelles

These organelles are enclosed by membranes within the cytoplasm, they include cell membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and Golgi complex.

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Non-membranous Organelles

These organelles lack membranes and are directly in the cytoplasm. They include ribosomes, cilia, flagella, microtubules, filaments, and centrioles.

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Cell Membrane (Plasmalemma)

The outer boundary of a cell, composed of a double layer of lipids, regulating what enters and leaves.

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Inclusions

Substances within the cytoplasm, that are not organelles, such as pigments, stored food, and secretory granules.

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Mitochondrial granules

Small structures within the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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Elementary particles

Components of mitochondrial granules with head, neck, and base.

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Matrix granules

Granules located within the mitochondrial matrix.

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Inner membrane

Membrane within mitochondria containing granules.

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Mitochondrial Structure

Mitochondria have an inner and outer membrane with granules.

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Protein location

Proteins in the cell membrane are either on one side of the lipid bilayer (extrinsic/peripheral) or embedded within it (intrinsic).

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Extrinsic proteins

Proteins that are on the surface of the lipid bilayer, not embedded.

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Lipid bilayer

The basic structure of the cell membrane, made of two layers of lipids.

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Peripheral proteins

The proteins found on one side of the lipid bilayer

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Molecular theory

A theory that describes the biochemical structure of the cell membrane.

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Membrane Fusion Regulation

Specialized junctions in cells control how membranes join with others.

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Membrane Passageways

Certain structures in cell membranes allow some molecules to pass by.

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Gap Junctions Example

Specialized connections between cells, allowing molecule movement.

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Molecule Passage

Some molecules can travel between cells through cell junctions.

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Specialized Junctions Function

Control molecular movement between and within cells.

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Membranous Organelles

Organelles within the cytoplasm enclosed by membranes.

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Lysosome

Organelle containing acidic hydrolytic enzymes.

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Hydrolytic Enzymes

Enzymes that break down molecules in the lysosome.

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Acidic Lysosomes

Lysosomes that work best in acidic environments.

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Freshly formed lysosomes

Newly created lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes.

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Study Notes

Cytology Overview

  • Cytology is a biological science focused on cell structure, histochemistry, ultrastructure, immunohistochemistry, and cell genetics.

Cell Structure

  • Cytoplasm: The portion of the cell outside the nucleus
  • Nucleus: Contains the genetic material (DNA)

Cell Organelles

  • Membranous Organelles: Enclosed by a membrane

    • Cell membrane: Also known as the plasmalemma, it's a trilaminar structure surrounding the cell, composed of two layers of dense protein between phospholipid layers. Thickness ranges from 8-10 nm.
    • Mitochondria: Provide energy for cell functions. Exhibit various shapes, are double-membraned. Inner membrane folds into cristae. Contain ribosomes. Contain DNA and other granules.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes; two types:
      • Rough ER (RER): Has ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis. Appears as basophilic substance. In nerve cells, called Nissls body, and parallel stacks of membrane cisternae.
      • Smooth ER (SER): No ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis. A more tubular, interconnected network.
    • Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for breaking down materials. Derived from Golgi complex; have homogenous round shape and thin membrane.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids. A collection of vesicles and folded membranes, often connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
    • Peroxisomes: Contain enzymes for various metabolic processes, and bounded by membrane.

  • Non-membranous Organelles: Not enclosed by a membrane

    • Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis; present on RER or free in cytoplasm.
    • Centrosomes: Organizing centers for microtubules
    • Cilia and flagella: Motile structures.
    • Microfilaments and microtubules: Structural components of the cell.

Cell Membrane Theories

  • Linear Theory: Cell membrane appears as three lines; two dense phospholipid bilayers and a light intermediate layer.
  • Fluid Mosaic Theory: Globules of protein move freely through the cell membrane, changing position. Proteins are extrinsic (peripheral) or intrinsic (integral).
  • Composition of Cell Membrane: Phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates (forming glycoproteins and glycolipids), cholesterol.

Microscopes

  • Light Microscope: Used to observe cells, components and their arrangement. Used vital dye Janus "green color."
  • Electron Microscope: Provides higher magnification and resolution, used to see fine details.

Functions of Cell Membrane

  • Protective: Protects the cell.
  • Regulates transport: Controls what enters and leaves cell.
  • Cell recognition: Allows cells to identify other cells and form connections.
  • Binding sites: Provides stable sites for enzyme binding and activity.
  • Membrane fusion: Regulates fusion of cell membranes via special junctions.
  • Passageways: Provides passageways for molecules (like in gap junctions).
  • Motility: Allows directed movement of cells or organelles.

Additional points

  • Microsomes: Vesicles made from ER during homogenization processes. Should not be applied to intact cell.
  • GERL: Area near Golgi in some cells, may modify proteins and share enzymes in lysosome production.

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Related Documents

Cytology - Benha University Past Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of cytology, focusing on cell structure and organelles. This quiz covers key concepts such as the cytoplasm, nucleus, and various membranous organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Enhance your understanding of cell biology and its fundamental components.

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