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Questions and Answers
Who is the head of the Histology Department at Benha University?
Who is the head of the Histology Department at Benha University?
Which faculty is associated with Prof.Dr. Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby?
Which faculty is associated with Prof.Dr. Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby?
What is the primary focus of the department led by Prof.Dr. Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby?
What is the primary focus of the department led by Prof.Dr. Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby?
In which academic discipline is Prof.Dr. Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby specialized?
In which academic discipline is Prof.Dr. Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby specialized?
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What title does Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby hold at Benha University?
What title does Ehab Mahmoud Abdelaal Elzoghby hold at Benha University?
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Which of the following organelles is classified as membranous?
Which of the following organelles is classified as membranous?
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What is included in the category of inclusions within a cell?
What is included in the category of inclusions within a cell?
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Which structure is referred to as the plasmalemma?
Which structure is referred to as the plasmalemma?
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Which of the following is not considered a non-membranous organelle?
Which of the following is not considered a non-membranous organelle?
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Which type of inclusion involves endogenous pigments?
Which type of inclusion involves endogenous pigments?
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What characteristic describes extrinsic or peripheral proteins in the cell membrane?
What characteristic describes extrinsic or peripheral proteins in the cell membrane?
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Where are extrinsic proteins predominantly located in relation to the lipid bilayer?
Where are extrinsic proteins predominantly located in relation to the lipid bilayer?
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Which bond type is associated with the attachment of extrinsic proteins to the cytoplasmic side?
Which bond type is associated with the attachment of extrinsic proteins to the cytoplasmic side?
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What does the molecular theory of cell membranes primarily indicate?
What does the molecular theory of cell membranes primarily indicate?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of proteins within the lipid bilayer?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of proteins within the lipid bilayer?
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What structural components are included in the mitochondrial granules or elementary particles?
What structural components are included in the mitochondrial granules or elementary particles?
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What type of granules are found in the mitochondrial inner membrane?
What type of granules are found in the mitochondrial inner membrane?
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Which of the following statements best describes mitochondrial granules?
Which of the following statements best describes mitochondrial granules?
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What distinguishes the components of mitochondrial granules from other cellular structures?
What distinguishes the components of mitochondrial granules from other cellular structures?
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What is the significance of the presence of matrix granules within the mitochondria?
What is the significance of the presence of matrix granules within the mitochondria?
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What do lysosomes primarily contain?
What do lysosomes primarily contain?
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What is the pH nature of the environment in which lysosomal enzymes operate?
What is the pH nature of the environment in which lysosomal enzymes operate?
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Which statement about lysosomes is true?
Which statement about lysosomes is true?
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In which type of organelle are hydrolytic enzymes found?
In which type of organelle are hydrolytic enzymes found?
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What is the main function of the lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes?
What is the main function of the lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes?
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What is the primary function of specialized junctions in cellular membranes?
What is the primary function of specialized junctions in cellular membranes?
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In what way do gap junctions contribute to cellular communication?
In what way do gap junctions contribute to cellular communication?
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Which of the following is not a role of specialized junctions in membranes?
Which of the following is not a role of specialized junctions in membranes?
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What characteristic distinguishes gap junctions from other types of junctions in the membrane?
What characteristic distinguishes gap junctions from other types of junctions in the membrane?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of junctions in cellular membranes?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of junctions in cellular membranes?
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Study Notes
Cytology Overview
- Cytology is a biological science focused on cell structure, histochemistry, ultrastructure, immunohistochemistry, and cell genetics.
Cell Structure
- Cytoplasm: The portion of the cell outside the nucleus
- Nucleus: Contains the genetic material (DNA)
Cell Organelles
-
Membranous Organelles: Enclosed by a membrane
- Cell membrane: Also known as the plasmalemma, it's a trilaminar structure surrounding the cell, composed of two layers of dense protein between phospholipid layers. Thickness ranges from 8-10 nm.
- Mitochondria: Provide energy for cell functions. Exhibit various shapes, are double-membraned. Inner membrane folds into cristae. Contain ribosomes. Contain DNA and other granules.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes; two types:
- Rough ER (RER): Has ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis. Appears as basophilic substance. In nerve cells, called Nissls body, and parallel stacks of membrane cisternae.
- Smooth ER (SER): No ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis. A more tubular, interconnected network.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for breaking down materials. Derived from Golgi complex; have homogenous round shape and thin membrane.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids. A collection of vesicles and folded membranes, often connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
- Peroxisomes: Contain enzymes for various metabolic processes, and bounded by membrane.
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Non-membranous Organelles: Not enclosed by a membrane
- Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis; present on RER or free in cytoplasm.
- Centrosomes: Organizing centers for microtubules
- Cilia and flagella: Motile structures.
- Microfilaments and microtubules: Structural components of the cell.
Cell Membrane Theories
- Linear Theory: Cell membrane appears as three lines; two dense phospholipid bilayers and a light intermediate layer.
- Fluid Mosaic Theory: Globules of protein move freely through the cell membrane, changing position. Proteins are extrinsic (peripheral) or intrinsic (integral).
- Composition of Cell Membrane: Phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates (forming glycoproteins and glycolipids), cholesterol.
Microscopes
- Light Microscope: Used to observe cells, components and their arrangement. Used vital dye Janus "green color."
- Electron Microscope: Provides higher magnification and resolution, used to see fine details.
Functions of Cell Membrane
- Protective: Protects the cell.
- Regulates transport: Controls what enters and leaves cell.
- Cell recognition: Allows cells to identify other cells and form connections.
- Binding sites: Provides stable sites for enzyme binding and activity.
- Membrane fusion: Regulates fusion of cell membranes via special junctions.
- Passageways: Provides passageways for molecules (like in gap junctions).
- Motility: Allows directed movement of cells or organelles.
Additional points
- Microsomes: Vesicles made from ER during homogenization processes. Should not be applied to intact cell.
- GERL: Area near Golgi in some cells, may modify proteins and share enzymes in lysosome production.
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Description
Test your knowledge of cytology, focusing on cell structure and organelles. This quiz covers key concepts such as the cytoplasm, nucleus, and various membranous organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Enhance your understanding of cell biology and its fundamental components.
