Cytology of Nervous Tissue Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?

  • Trigeminal
  • Facial
  • Optic
  • Olfactory (correct)

What is the primary function of the Vagus nerve (CN X)?

  • Controlling facial expressions
  • Parasympathetic control over thoracic and abdominal organs (correct)
  • Regulating vision
  • Chewing and sensation from the face

Which cranial nerve mainly provides movement for the superior oblique muscle of the eye?

  • Trochlear (correct)
  • Abducens
  • Oculomotor
  • Facial

Which of the following cranial nerves is involved in taste from the posterior third of the tongue?

<p>Glossopharyngeal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cervical spinal nerves are numbered in relation to which vertebrae?

<p>Their corresponding cervical vertebrae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trigeminal nerve primarily provides which of the following functions?

<p>Facial sensation and motor functions for chewing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the Vagus nerve have on the heart?

<p>Decreases heart rate and contraction force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for shoulder shrugging?

<p>Accessory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuron is responsible for transmitting sensory information to the central nervous system?

<p>Sensory neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glial cell type is responsible for myelination in the central nervous system?

<p>Oligodendrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the meninges is the outermost and toughest?

<p>Dura mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>To protect neural structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential space exists between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater?

<p>Subdural space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glial cells are involved in immune defense in the central nervous system?

<p>Microglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons are classified as efferent neurons?

<p>Motor neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the epidural space in a healthy state?

<p>A potential space with no real substance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>Removes waste products from the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating motor commands with sensory input?

<p>Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the thalamus play in the brain?

<p>Filters important sensory information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus is involved in which of the following functions?

<p>Regulating circadian rhythms. (A), Regulating emotional responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brainstem is responsible for controlling heart rate?

<p>Medulla Oblongata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The production of cerebrospinal fluid occurs in which structure?

<p>Choroid plexus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the medulla oblongata?

<p>Modulating sensory information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pineal gland?

<p>Secretion of melatonin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes how spinal nerves exit in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions?

<p>Spinal nerves exit through the intervertebral foramina below the corresponding vertebrae. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the afferent division of the nervous system?

<p>Sensory input to the CNS. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons are part of the efferent division of the nervous system?

<p>Multipolar neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Referred pain often occurs due to what physiological mechanism?

<p>Overlapping sensory pathways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dermatome is associated with referred pain in appendicitis?

<p>T10 at the umbilicus region. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly distinguishes between sensory and motor control?

<p>Sensory control operates without direct control over muscles and glands, while motor control has direct control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sensory receptor would detect changes in temperature?

<p>Thermoreceptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a function regulated by the efferent division of the nervous system?

<p>Movement of skeletal muscles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the sympathetic nervous system play in the functioning of the esophageal plexus?

<p>Inhibits peristalsis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by adrenergic neurons?

<p>Norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on digestion through the abdominal aortic plexus?

<p>Stimulates digestion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of norepinephrine binding to alpha receptors?

<p>Vasoconstriction of blood vessels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the response of the hypogastric plexus under sympathetic stimulation?

<p>Inhibits digestive functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What receptors does acetylcholine primarily act on in the target organs?

<p>Muscarinic receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the abdominal aortic plexus, how does the sympathetic nervous system affect blood flow?

<p>Reduces blood flow to digestive organs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects does the activation of beta receptors by norepinephrine have?

<p>Lipolysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are responsible for detecting temperature in the body?

<p>Thermoreceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tactile receptors detect light touch and are located in the dermal papillae?

<p>Tactile Corpuscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gustatory cells?

<p>Detect taste (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of papillae is least numerous but the largest on the tongue?

<p>Vallate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Free nerve endings found in the epidermis?

<p>Detect temperature and pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tactile receptors is encapsulated and detects deep pressure and skin distortion?

<p>Bulbous Corpuscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about taste declines with age is correct?

<p>Ability to detect taste declines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lamellated corpuscles are primarily responsible for detecting which of the following?

<p>Deep pressure and high-frequency vibration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neuron Function

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals through the nervous system.

Glial Cell Function

Glial cells support and protect neurons within the nervous system.

Myelin Sheath Function

The myelin sheath increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

Meninges Function

The meninges are protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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CSF Function 1

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protects the neural structures from movement.

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Epidural Hematoma

Bleeding between the dura mater and skull bones, often due to trauma.

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Oligodendrocytes

Glial cells that myelinate axons in the central nervous system.

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Schwann Cells

Glial cells that myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system.

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Environmental stability (brain)

Maintaining a stable chemical environment around nerve tissue, enabling proper function.

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Neural signaling

The chemical environment facilitates the generation of action potentials (nerve impulses).

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CSF Buoyancy

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) supports the brain's weight, preventing it from sinking.

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CSF Production Location

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the choroid plexus within the brain ventricles.

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Thalamus function

Filters sensory information, decides what to send to the cerebrum for further processing.

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Hypothalamus function (ANS)

Regulates automatic functions like heart rate, digestion and body temp.

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Medulla Oblongata function

Controls life-sustaining functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.

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Epithalamus function

Contains the pineal gland, which regulates sleep-wake cycles using melatonin.

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Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory)

Sensory nerve responsible for the sense of smell.

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Cranial Nerve II (Optic)

Sensory nerve responsible for vision.

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Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)

Longest cranial nerve; parasympathetic control over heart, lungs, and digestive organs.

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Dorsal root

Carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord.

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Ventral root

Carries motor information from the spinal cord to muscles and glands.

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Spinal Nerves

31 pairs of nerves that connect the body to the central nervous system.

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Cervical Spinal Nerves (C1-C8)

8 nerves in the neck region; C8 exits below its corresponding vertebra.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system, promoting "rest and digest" activities (slowing heart rate, digestion).

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Spinal Nerve Exit

Spinal nerves exit the spinal cord through intervertebral foramina below the corresponding vertebrae.

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Dermatome

A specific area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve (except C1).

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Referred Pain

Pain felt in a different location than the actual source, due to overlapping sensory pathways.

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Afferent Division

The sensory division of the nervous system, bringing information to the CNS.

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Efferent Division

The motor division of the nervous system, sending commands from the CNS to effectors.

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Appendicitis Referred Pain

Appendicitis pain is felt in the T10 dermatome (umbilicus) instead of the abdominopelvic region.

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Thoracic Nerves

Nerves T1-T12 exit from their corresponding vertebra.

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Intervertebral Foramina

The openings in the vertebrae through which spinal nerves pass.

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Tactile Receptors

Sensory receptors specialized for touch, pressure, and vibration.

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Unencapsulated tactile receptors

Simple sensory receptors; no connective tissue wrapping.

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Free nerve endings

Detect temperature and pain in the epidermis.

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Tactile discs

Detect light touch in the epidermis.

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Root hair plexuses

Detect hair movement.

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Gustation

The sense of taste; detecting characteristics of food and drink.

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Gustatory cells

Chemoreceptors within taste buds that detect tastants.

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Papillae

Elevations on the tongue's surface containing taste buds.

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Esophageal Plexus Function

Controls the movement of food through the esophagus.

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Abdominal Aortic Plexus Function

Innervates abdominal organs controlling digestion & blood flow.

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Hypogastric Plexus Function

Controls functions of reproductive organs, bladder, rectum, and colon.

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Acetylcholine (ACh) - Role

Primary neurotransmitter for cholinergic neurons; released at preganglionic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.

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Norepinephrine (NE) - Role

Primary neurotransmitter for adrenergic neurons, released from most sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

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Nicotinic Receptors - Location

Found in ganglia between pre- and postganglionic neurons, responsible for excitatory effects.

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Muscarinic Receptors - Location

Found in target organs (heart, smooth muscles, glands) influencing organ excitatory or inhibitory functions.

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Alpha (α) Receptors - Purpose

Affect smooth muscle (blood vessels, eyes), causing vasoconstriction, pupil dilation, also regulating norepinephrine release

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Study Notes

Cytology of Nervous Tissue (Types)

  • Neurons are specialized for communication, transmitting electrical signals and undergoing synaptic transmission
  • Neuron structure includes dendrites, cell body (soma), axon hillock, node of Ranvier, axon, myelin sheath, and axon terminal

Parts of a Neuron with Functions

  • Dendrites: Receive signals from other cells
  • Cell Body (Soma): Organizes and maintains the cell's function
  • Cell Membrane: Protects the cell
  • Axon Hillock: Initiates the neuron impulse
  • Node of Ranvier: Allows ion diffusion
  • Schwann Cell: Produces myelin sheath
  • Nucleus: Controls the entire neuron
  • Axon: Transmits signals to other cells and organs
  • Myelin Sheath: Increases the signal's speed
  • Axon Terminal: Forms junctions with other cells

Classification by Shape

  • Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons

Glial Cells

  • Support and protect neurons
  • Astrocytes: Support neurons, form the blood-brain barrier
  • Oligodendrocytes: Myelinate CNS axons
  • Microglia: Immune defense, remove debris and damaged nervous tissue
  • Ependymal Cells: Line ventricles, produce cerebrospinal fluid
  • Schwann Cells: Myelinate PNS axons
  • Satellite Cells: Surround cell bodies of PNS neurons

Myelination

  • CNS Myelination: Oligodendrocytes
  • PNS Myelination: Schwann cells
  • Functions: Increases conduction speed of nerve impulses

Cranial Meninges

  • Dura Mater: Outer, tough, dense irregular connective tissue layer
  • Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer with spider-web-like structures
  • Pia Mater: Thin, delicate innermost layer closely adhering to the brain; highly vascularized

Meningeal Spaces

  • Epidural Space: Between the dura mater and the skull
  • Subdural Space: Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
  • Subarachnoid Space: Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater; contains cerebrospinal fluid

Clinical Relevance

  • Epidural Hematoma: Blood collection between the dura mater and skull
  • Subdural Hematoma: Blood collection between the arachnoid and dura mater
  • Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (dangerous and potentially life-threatening)

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

  • Functions:
    • Protection: Liquid cushion
    • Environmental stability: Exchanges and removes nutrients/waste
    • Neural signaling: Facilitates action potentials
    • Buoyancy: Supports the brain

Cerebellum

  • Functions: Receives descending input, compares sensory feedback, and coordinates motor output, playing a role in motor output and sensory perception

Diencephalon

  • Thalamus: Gateway to consciousness, filters sensory impulses and relays them to the cerebrum.
  • Hypothalamus: Connects the nervous and endocrine systems, controlling homeostasis (body temperature, emotions, food intake, water balance, sleep-wake cycle)

Epithalamus

  • Contains the third ventricle, habenular nucleus, and pineal gland; secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythm

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata

  • Functions:
    • Cardiac center: Controls heart rate and myocardial contractions
    • Vasomotor center: Controls blood vessel diameter for regulating blood pressure
    • Respiratory center: Controls breathing rate and depth

Cranial Nerves

  • 12 paired nerves with specific functions related to sensory, motor, or mixed functions

Spinal Nerve Formation

  • Formed when dorsal and ventral roots combine
  • Dorsal roots carry sensory information, and ventral roots carry motor information

Spinal Regions

  • Cervical (C1-C8): First seven nerves exit above corresponding vertebra; C8 below C7
  • Thoracic, lumbar, and sacral: Generally exit below their corresponding vertebra

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • Involuntary nervous system controlling internal organs, smooth muscle, heart, glands, etc.
  • Two pathways: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
  • Sympathetic: "fight or flight"; increases heart rate, response to stress
  • Parasympathetic: "rest and digest"; reduces heart rate, response to rest

Autonomic Plexuses

  • Networks of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that innervate specific organs (e.g., cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal, abdominal aortic, hypogastric)

Neurotransmitters

  • Acetylcholine (ACh): Released by preganglionic neurons and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
  • Norepinephrine (NE): Released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Sensory Nervous System Properties

  • Transducers: Change energy forms (e.g., sound to electrical)
  • Receptive fields: Area sensory receptors cover
  • Adaptation: Decreased sensitivity to constant stimuli
  • Tactile receptors: Specialized endings detecting pressure, temperature, touch, pain
  • Encapsulated receptors: Deeper structures, such as Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles
  • Unencapsulated receptors: Simpler structures like free nerve endings

Special Senses: Gustation (Taste)

  • Gustatory cells: Chemoreceptors in taste buds on tongue and soft palate
  • Papillae: Elevations on tongue surface, housing taste buds
  • Taste buds: Contain gustatory cells and supporting cells
  • Basal cells: Replace gustatory cells

Special Senses: Vision

  • Accessory structures protect and lubricate the eye (eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids, lacrimal glands, conjunctiva);
  • Eye structure is described (cornea, sclera, iris, lens, retina, etc.)
  • Visual receptors: Specialized rods and cones

Special Senses: Olfaction (Smell)

  • Olfactory receptors: Chemoreceptors in nasal cavity
  • Olfactory organs are described
  • Olfactory discrimination: Understanding primary and secondary odors

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Test your knowledge on the cytology of nervous tissue, including the structure and function of neurons and glial cells. Explore the different types of neurons and their classifications by shape. This quiz is essential for understanding the fundamental aspects of nervous system biology.

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