Cytology Basics Quiz

Cytology is the branch of biology that studies cells, their physiological properties, structure, organelles, interactions, and behavior.

Prokaryotic Cells
- Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Smaller and simpler structure.
- Examples: Bacteria and Archaea.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Larger and more complex structure.
- Examples: Animal cells, Plant cells, Fungi, and Protists.

Cell Membrane
- Semipermeable barrier that regulates entry and exit of substances.
Cytoplasm
- Gel-like substance within the cell membrane, containing organelles.
Nucleus
- Control center of the cell, contains DNA.
Organelles
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, site of ATP production.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
  - Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins.
  - Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
- Lysosomes: Contains enzymes for digestion and waste removal.
- Chloroplasts (in plant cells): Site of photosynthesis.
- Vacuoles: Storage of substances; larger in plant cells.

Mitosis: Process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.
- Phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Meiosis: Specialized cell division for producing gametes (sex cells).
- Involves two rounds of division, resulting in four non-identical daughter cells.

Metabolism: Sum of all biochemical reactions in the cell, including catabolism and anabolism.
Cell Signaling: Communication between cells via signaling molecules and receptors.

Light Microscopy: Uses visible light to observe cells; can see larger structures.
Electron Microscopy: Uses electrons for higher resolution; can visualize smaller cell components.

Staining: Enhances contrast in microscopic images, allowing for better visualization of cell structures.
Cell Culture: Growing cells in controlled conditions for research and experimentation.

Cytology studies cells, focusing on their properties, structure, organelles, and interactions.

Prokaryotic Cells
- Do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
- Exhibit simpler and smaller structures.
- Examples include Bacteria and Archaea.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Feature a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Larger and more complex compared to prokaryotes.
- Examples encompass Animal cells, Plant cells, Fungi, and Protists.

Cell Membrane
- A semipermeable barrier controlling substance entry and exit.
Cytoplasm
- A gel-like matrix within the membrane housing organelles.
Nucleus
- The cell's control center, housing DNA.
Organelles
- Mitochondria: Function as the powerhouses, ATP production sites.
- Ribosomes: Sites dedicated to protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
  - Rough ER: Ribosome-studded, involved in protein synthesis.
  - Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis and detoxification.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for waste removal.
- Chloroplasts: Specific to plant cells, sites of photosynthesis.
- Vacuoles: Store substances, larger in plant cells.

Mitosis: Produces two identical daughter cells; phases include Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Meiosis: Special division for gamete production, involving two rounds resulting in four non-identical daughter cells.

Metabolism: Encompasses all biochemical reactions, including catabolism (breaking down) and anabolism (building up).
Cell Signaling: Involves communication via signaling molecules and receptors.

Light Microscopy: Utilizes visible light for larger structures visualization.
Electron Microscopy: Employs electrons for high-resolution visualization of smaller components.

Staining: Enhances contrast for improved visualization of cell structures.
Cell Culture: Growing cells under controlled conditions for research purposes.