Cytology and Histology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

  • To increase the energy released during reactions
  • To act as a substrate for reactions
  • To provide the necessary energy for reactions
  • To speed up reactions without being changed (correct)

    • Which component is NOT typically required for enzyme activity?

  • Temperature
  • Cofactors
  • Product (correct)
  • Active site

    • What happens when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme?

  • The enzyme is permanently altered
  • The enzyme stops functioning
  • The reaction can proceed to form products (correct)
  • The substrate is immediately converted into cofactor

    • Which statement about anabolic reactions is accurate?

    <p>They result in the formation of larger products from smaller substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do extreme temperature changes have on enzyme function?

    <p>They can reduce or stop enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinguishing feature of amino acids?

    <p>Presence of a variable side chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipid is integral to cell membrane structure?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction occurs when two amino acids join together?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a role of cholesterol in the body?

    <p>Stabilizes cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which elements are primarily found in lipids?

    <p>Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond forms when atoms share their electrons with each other?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes ionic compounds when dissolved in water?

    <p>They conduct electricity due to the presence of ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the atoms in sodium chloride when it dissolves in water?

    <p>The ionic bond breaks and atoms become ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about organic and inorganic compounds is correct?

    <p>Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description is true for a water molecule?

    <p>It is a stable compound crucial for life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cytology?

    <p>The study of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between tissues and cells?

    <p>Tissues consist of identical cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which elements make up approximately 96% of the human body's mass?

    <p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electrons in an atom?

    <p>To provide no charge overall due to balance with protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a compound from a molecule?

    <p>A compound must contain atoms of different elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the atomic structure?

    <p>Atoms are primarily composed of empty space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these scenarios describes a molecule?

    <p>Two hydrogen atoms combined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many naturally occurring elements are there?

    <p>92 elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pH measure in a fluid?

    <p>Concentration of hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about acids is accurate?

    <p>Acids release hydrogen ions when in solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH range of blood?

    <p>7.35 to 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chemical buffers play in the body?

    <p>They bind and stabilize hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant constituent of cells?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of mineral salts?

    <p>Maintaining physical and chemical conditions for reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when two sugar molecules combine?

    <p>Glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glucose primarily used for in cells?

    <p>Fuel for metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes carbohydrates?

    <p>Macromolecules made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of inorganic molecules?

    <p>They are small molecules formed by ionic bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cytology and Histology

    • Cytology is the study of cells
    • Histology is the study of tissues
    • An organism is made up of systems
    • A system is made up of organs
    • An organ is made up of tissues
    • A tissue is made up of identical cells
    • Cells are the basic units of living things

    Levels of structural complexity

    • Living beings are organized into different levels of complexity
    • Organism - a set of systems
    • System - a set of organs
    • Organ - a set of tissues
    • Tissue - a set of identical cells

    Cytology: Cell Biology

    • Cytology, also known as cell biology, studies the cell
    • Morphology: form and structure of cells
    • Study of cell life, continuity, and function
    • Chemical composition: components and molecules of cells

    Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds

    • All matter is made of atoms
    • An element contains only one type of atom
    • A compound contains two or more types of atoms combined
    • There are 92 naturally occurring elements
    • Living tissues are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
    • Other elements are present in smaller amounts (approx 4%)
    • Examples of these elements include sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus

    Atomic Structure

    • Atoms are mostly empty space with a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons
    • Electrons orbit the nucleus
    • Neutrons have no electrical charge
    • Protons have a positive charge
    • Electrons have a negative charge
    • Atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons, leading to a neutral charge
    • Protons and neutrons have roughly the same mass, but electrons are much less massive

    Subatomic Particles

    • Protons: 1 unit of mass, 1 positive charge
    • Neutrons: 1 unit of mass, 0 charge
    • Electrons: negligible mass, 1 negative charge

    Molecules and Compounds

    • Molecules consist of two or more atoms chemically combined
    • Atoms in a molecule can be the same element (e.g., O2) or different elements (e.g., H2O)
    • Compounds contain two or more different elements
    • Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen
    • Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and hydrogen

    Covalent and Ionic Bonds

    • Chemical bonds form when atoms join together
    • Covalent bonds occur when atoms share electrons
    • Ionic bonds occur when electrons are transferred between atoms
    • Water molecules are held together by covalent bonds

    Electrolytes

    • An ionic compound dissolved in water is called an electrolyte
    • Electrolytes conduct electricity in solution
    • When NaCl dissolves in water, the ionic bond breaks, and the Na+ and Cl- ions separate
    • Ions can have a positive or negative charge based on whether they've gained or lost electrons

    Acids, Bases, and pH

    • pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a fluid
    • pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity
    • Living cells are very sensitive to changes in pH
    • Biochemical processes continually produce or consume hydrogen ions

    pH values of body fluids

    • The pH of body fluids needs to be tightly controlled
    • Normal pH ranges vary for different body fluids
    • Chemical buffers in fluid help maintain stable pH

    Chemical constituents of the cell

    • Inorganic molecules form small molecules held together by ionic bonds
    • Inorganic molecules are essential to the functions of the body, e.g. CO2
    • Organic molecules are molecules containing carbon compounds
    • Macromolecules are large molecules for the organism
    • Organic molecules are covalently bonded

    Inorganic Compounds: Water

    • Water is the most abundant substance in cells
    • Water is more prevalent in plants (80%) than animals (65%)
    • The amount of water varies between different tissues (e.g., liver vs. skeleton)
    • Water is essential for cellular metabolism
    • Water is a natural solvent for certain molecules
    • Facilitates reactions
    • Provides a suspending medium

    Inorganic Compounds: Mineral Salts

    • Mineral salts exist in two forms:
      • Insoluble: These salts form rigid structures, for example in cell walls
      • Ionized: They dissociate into ions like Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+
    • Ions are vital for various bodily functions, and their concentrations in cells are generally stable
    • Regulation is done through specific mechanisms
    • Involved in chemical reactions

    Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
    • When two sugar molecules combine a water molecule is expelled
    • A glycosidic bond forms
    • Glucose is a monosaccharide and the preferred fuel source in cells
    • Blood glucose level is regulated/maintained

    Organic Compounds: Amino Acids & Proteins

    • Amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (and sometimes sulfur)
    • 20 amino acids are used for protein synthesis in humans
    • Amino acids have a common structure with an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain

    Organic Compounds: Lipids

    • Lipids are diverse, hydrophobic group of substances
    • Mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, sometimes with nitrogen or phosphorus
    • Important lipid types include phospholipids (important in cell membranes), fats/triglycerides (stored as energy) prostaglandins
    • Lipids also include important hormones produced in gonads & adrenal glands, and steroids like cholesterol

    Organic Compounds: Nucleotides

    • Nucleic acids are major components of cells
    • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are comprised of nucleotides
    • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide with a high energy bond

    Organic Compounds: Enzymes

    • Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for biochemical reactions
    • Enzymes speed up reactions without being changed themselves
    • They are specific, binding to particular substrates at an active site
    • After the reaction, products release and enzymes are ready for use again
    • Enzyme action can be sensitive to environmental factors like temperature and pH
    • Anabolic reactions combine substances; catabolic reactions break them down

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    Cytology and Histology Chapter 1

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in cytology and histology, including the study of cells and tissues, as well as levels of structural complexity in living organisms. Dive into topics like cell morphology, chemical composition, and the composition of matter. Perfect for students studying biology or life sciences.

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