Cystotomy and Laparoscopic Techniques

Surgical removal of bladder stones through an incision in the bladder wall.

The gold standard for bladder stone removal in horses, allowing for intact stone removal, bladder wall culture, and debris clearance.

A minimally invasive technique for removing bladder stones using specialized instruments and a small incision.

A rare procedure used to remove large bladder stones by creating an incision near the rectum.

A procedure involving inserting a Foley's catheter into the bladder through a small skin incision, diverting urine flow.

A temporary or permanent method of urine diversion using a Foley's catheter, employed in cases of urethral obstruction, rupture, or bladder issues.

The process of breaking up bladder stones before removal.

A non-invasive method using shock waves to break up bladder stones.

A tube inserted into the bladder to drain urine and prevent blockage.

A medication used to make urine more acidic, helping to dissolve bladder stones.

The surgical incision made along the linea alba, a tough fibrous tissue that runs down the middle of the abdomen.

A surgical technique used to close an incision by inverting the tissue edges, creating a strong and watertight seal.

The removal of stones or tumors from the bladder.

A procedure to check if the urethra is open and functioning properly, usually involves injecting a contrast material and taking X-rays

A type of suture that is placed through the tissue and tied on the outside, securing the edges of the incision.

A surgical technique to prevent vaginal prolapse in cows by tightening the vulva using sutures.

A type of vulval suture where a continuous stitch is placed beneath the skin around the vulval opening.

A method where multiple independent stitches are made on both sides of the vulva, and then laced together with tapes to provide support.

The middle (anterior) straight ligament of the knee joint in cattle.

A surgical procedure to cut the medial straight ligament of the patella (kneecap) in cattle.

The surgical indication for Medial Patellar Desmotomy is chronic upward displacement of the patella (kneecap).

The animal is positioned on its side with the affected leg facing up during Medial Patellar Desmotomy.

The affected limb is extended and secured, while the other limbs are tied together for stability during surgery.

Local infiltration anaesthesia or epidural anaesthesia are commonly used to numb the surgical area.

The incision for the surgery is made close to the medial patellar ligament, with three possible locations.

The most common and preferred site for the incision, located near the insertion of the medial ligament onto the tibia bone.

A less desirable site because of a thicker layer of fat and potential risks of injuring blood vessels.

The least recommended incision site due to increased risks of injuring the joint capsule, blood vessels, and muscles.

Two techniques can be used to cut the medial patellar ligament: 'open' technique, with a clear incision, and 'closed' technique, where the ligament is cut through a small stab wound.

A condition where a horse's stifle joint locks, causing difficulty in moving, often due to patellar displacement.

The patella is abnormally mobile and can be easily moved dorsally with slight manual pressure.

A surgical approach where the surgeon works blind, using palpation and feeling to identify the medial patellar ligament.

A surgical approach where the surgeon makes a visible incision and directly sees the surgical area.

Using a tool to cut through the medial patellar ligament near its insertion on the tibial tuberosity.

The point where a ligament attaches or connects to a bone.

The site where a ligament attaches to the tibial tuberosity is marked by a small depression.

The surgical technique used to access and cut the medial patellar ligament in standing horses.

A surgical technique for medial patellar desmotomy where the horse is lying on its side, used when the horse is uncooperative.

Daily wound care and antibiotics after surgery.

Possible unwanted outcomes following surgery.

Cutting the wrong ligament, like the middle patellar or collateral ligaments.

Damaging the joint capsule surrounding the knee joint.