RCP 110 Pulmonary vascular system
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Questions and Answers

Which lobe is not found in the left lung?

  • Lower lobe
  • Middle lobe (correct)
  • Accessory lobe
  • Upper lobe

    • What is the primary function of the pleural cavity?

  • To facilitate gas exchange
  • To protect against infection
  • To support lung expansion
  • To contain pleural fluid (correct)

    • Which type of pneumothorax is characterized by air being in direct contact with the atmosphere?

  • Tension pneumothorax
  • Open pneumothorax (correct)
  • Closed pneumothorax
  • Traumatic pneumothorax

    • Which fissure separates the upper lobe from the lower lobe in the right lung?

    <p>Oblique fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is used to drain fluid from the pleural cavity?

    <p>Thoracentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is defined by inflammation of the pleura?

    <p>Pleurisy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the thoracic cage protects the lungs?

    <p>Rib cage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid accumulation is associated with an empyema?

    <p>Infected fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a closed pneumothorax?

    <p>Air is trapped within the pleural cavity due to lung rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the pleura is closest to the lungs?

    <p>Visceral pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for increasing heart rate and blood pressure in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on bronchial smooth muscle?

    <p>Constricts bronchial smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes a closed pneumothorax?

    <p>A rupture in the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication type would be used to mimic the sympathetic nervous system and help dilate airways?

    <p>Sympathomimetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the condition that occurs when air builds up in the pleural space, leading to increased pressure?

    <p>Tension pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Constricts blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?

    <p>To facilitate the process of ventilation and breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication combines both sympathomimetic and anticholinergic effects to improve breathing?

    <p>DuoNeb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which accessory muscle is primarily engaged during expiration?

    <p>Internal intercostals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the shape of the lungs?

    <p>Cone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does surfactant play in the prevention of pneumothorax, especially in premature babies?

    <p>It reduces surface tension in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the respiratory rate?

    <p>Increases respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which anatomical landmark does the aortic arch end?

    <p>Angle of Louis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is primarily affected by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about tension pneumothorax is accurate?

    <p>It can lead to decreased blood flow and oxygenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Constricts bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve primarily innervates the diaphragm?

    <p>Phrenic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in the pupils due to parasympathetic stimulation?

    <p>Constrict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with COPD, the use of accessory muscles indicates what condition?

    <p>Signs of respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the lungs and the pleural cavity in the case of open pneumothorax?

    <p>Direct contact is established with the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of capillaries in the pulmonary vascular system?

    <p>Facilitate gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the pulmonary arteries is responsible for the elasticity and contractility of blood vessels?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the lymphatic system's role in the pulmonary region?

    <p>It filters out toxins and excess fluid from pulmonary capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the characteristics of lymphatic vessels in the pulmonary system?

    <p>More numerous and larger on the left side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the hilum of the lungs?

    <p>Passage of blood vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in relation to the lungs?

    <p>It controls smooth muscle tone and balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of fluid pooling in the lower parts of the lungs?

    <p>Reduced oxygen absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pulmonary vascular system carries blood away from the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the structure of pulmonary arteries?

    <p>Made of three distinct layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel is primarily responsible for nutrient supply to respiratory bronchioles?

    <p>Arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Divisions of the Lungs

    • The right lung consists of three lobes: upper, middle, and lower.
    • The left lung is divided into two lobes: upper and lower.

    Fissures of the Lungs

    • Fissures separate lung lobes, with the oblique fissure dividing upper and middle lobes from the lower lobe.
    • The horizontal fissure is present only in the right lung, distinguishing the middle lobe from the upper lobe.

    Thoracic Cage

    • Comprised of the rib cage, spine, and sternum.
    • Provides protection for the heart and lungs.

    Pleura and Pleural Cavity

    • The pleura consists of two layers: the parietal pleura (outer) adjacent to the rib cage and visceral pleura (inner) next to the lungs.
    • The pleural cavity contains pleural fluid, which lubricates lung movement.

    Pleural Diseases

    • Pleurisy causes inflammation, leading to pain due to friction.
    • Pleural effusion is characterized by fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity.
    • Empyema involves infected fluid in the pleural cavity.

    Thoracentesis

    • A procedure for draining fluid from the pleural cavity using a needle or chest tube, addressing pleural effusion and empyema.

    Pneumothorax

    • A condition involving air entry into the pleural cavity through chest wall openings or lung ruptures.

    Types of Pneumothorax

    • Closed pneumothorax results from a lung rupture with no external air contact.
    • Open pneumothorax occurs due to an external wound allowing air to enter the pleural cavity.

    Pulmonary Vascular System

    • Composed of two pulmonary arteries and four pulmonary veins, forming the pulmonary circuit.
    • Arteries have three layers: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa, facilitating blood flow and gas exchange.

    Hilum

    • The hilum is a region where vessels and nerves enter and exit the lungs.

    Lymphatic System

    • Removes excess fluid and proteins from pulmonary capillaries.
    • Lymph nodes found near the lungs filter toxins; lymphatic vessels are more numerous on the left side.

    Neuro Control of Lungs

    • Governed by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), balancing lung function through sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways.

    Functions of the ANS

    • Controls various organs, including the heart and bronchial smooth muscle, influencing respiratory and heart rates.

    Neurotransmitters and Actions

    • Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the sympathetic system increase heart rate and blood pressure.
    • Acetylcholine from the parasympathetic system leads to bronchoconstriction.

    Medications in ANS Treatment

    • Sympathomimetics mimic sympathetic activity, while anticholinergics block parasympathetic signals.
    • Combination medications, like DuoNeb, offer dual effects for respiratory treatment.

    Anatomy of the Lungs and Thoracic Cage

    • Lungs are cone-shaped, with the apex located at the top.

    Tension Pneumothorax

    • A life-threatening condition where pleural cavity pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, requiring immediate emergency treatment via chest tube insertion.

    Angles of Louis

    • The junction between the sternum and xyphoid process, located at T5 vertebra, also marks the end of the aortic arch.

    Diaphragm

    • The primary muscle of ventilation, dome-shaped, and pierced by key structures (esophagus, aorta, etc.).
    • Innervated by phrenic nerves; essential for normal breathing.

    Accessory Muscles of Ventilation

    • Inspiration involves scalene, sternocleidomastoid, external intercostals, and trapezius muscles.
    • Expiration can engage abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.
    • Accessory muscles signal respiratory distress, particularly in chronic lung disease patients, where diaphragm strength may be compromised.

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