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What is the primary purpose of sodium chloride in eye lotion?
What is the primary purpose of sodium chloride in eye lotion?
What is a major consideration in the formulation of ear drops?
What is a major consideration in the formulation of ear drops?
Which vehicle is NOT commonly used in ear drop formulations?
Which vehicle is NOT commonly used in ear drop formulations?
What is the role of glycerin in sodium bicarbonate ear drops?
What is the role of glycerin in sodium bicarbonate ear drops?
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Why are nasal drops required to be isotonic with nasal secretions?
Why are nasal drops required to be isotonic with nasal secretions?
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What pH level is generally ideal for nasal drops to mimic nasal secretions?
What pH level is generally ideal for nasal drops to mimic nasal secretions?
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What can be a consequence of using oily vehicles in nasal formulations over time?
What can be a consequence of using oily vehicles in nasal formulations over time?
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Which preservative is mentioned as commonly used in ear drop formulations?
Which preservative is mentioned as commonly used in ear drop formulations?
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What is the purpose of flavoring agents in mouthwashes?
What is the purpose of flavoring agents in mouthwashes?
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Which ingredient is NOT typically included in a throat paint formulation?
Which ingredient is NOT typically included in a throat paint formulation?
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For which condition are throat paints particularly used?
For which condition are throat paints particularly used?
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What is a common drawback of throat paints?
What is a common drawback of throat paints?
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Which labeling requirement is essential for throat paints?
Which labeling requirement is essential for throat paints?
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What type of container should throat paints be stored in?
What type of container should throat paints be stored in?
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What is the main reason for adding glycerin to throat paints?
What is the main reason for adding glycerin to throat paints?
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Which of the following is NOT a component typically cited for mouthwash formulations?
Which of the following is NOT a component typically cited for mouthwash formulations?
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What is the primary advantage of a cylindrical percolator in drug extraction?
What is the primary advantage of a cylindrical percolator in drug extraction?
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Which type of percolator is best suited for drugs that swell significantly during maceration?
Which type of percolator is best suited for drugs that swell significantly during maceration?
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What is the main component of fluidextracts that contributes to their potency?
What is the main component of fluidextracts that contributes to their potency?
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What factor makes many fluidextracts unsuitable for self-administration?
What factor makes many fluidextracts unsuitable for self-administration?
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How are extracts primarily obtained from drugs?
How are extracts primarily obtained from drugs?
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What is the typical potency range of extracts compared to crude drugs?
What is the typical potency range of extracts compared to crude drugs?
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What is the purpose of reducing the volume of percolates by distillation?
What is the purpose of reducing the volume of percolates by distillation?
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What role do flavoring or sweetening agents play in fluidextracts?
What role do flavoring or sweetening agents play in fluidextracts?
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What is the correct formula used to calculate the amount of concentrated HCl required for preparing diluted HCl?
What is the correct formula used to calculate the amount of concentrated HCl required for preparing diluted HCl?
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How much concentrated HCl is needed to prepare 100 mL of diluted hydrochloric acid with a 10% strength from a concentrated acid with a specific gravity of 1.17?
How much concentrated HCl is needed to prepare 100 mL of diluted hydrochloric acid with a 10% strength from a concentrated acid with a specific gravity of 1.17?
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In drug extraction, what term is used to refer to the exhausted plant residue after extraction?
In drug extraction, what term is used to refer to the exhausted plant residue after extraction?
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Why is water commonly used as a solvent in drug extraction?
Why is water commonly used as a solvent in drug extraction?
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What does the term 'menstruum' refer to in the context of drug extraction?
What does the term 'menstruum' refer to in the context of drug extraction?
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What is NOT a type of application for acetic acid mentioned?
What is NOT a type of application for acetic acid mentioned?
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Which of the following statements about the composition of crude drugs is correct?
Which of the following statements about the composition of crude drugs is correct?
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What characteristic is important when selecting a solvent for drug extraction?
What characteristic is important when selecting a solvent for drug extraction?
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What is a characteristic of powdered extracts compared to pilular extracts?
What is a characteristic of powdered extracts compared to pilular extracts?
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What is the primary purpose of maceration in the extraction process?
What is the primary purpose of maceration in the extraction process?
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Which extraction method is used to obtain pharmaceutical resins from plants?
Which extraction method is used to obtain pharmaceutical resins from plants?
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During maceration, how is the comminuted drug treated to facilitate extraction?
During maceration, how is the comminuted drug treated to facilitate extraction?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the properties of resins?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the properties of resins?
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What happens to the soluble constituents during the maceration extraction when using a porous cloth bag?
What happens to the soluble constituents during the maceration extraction when using a porous cloth bag?
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What forms the basis for distinguishing pilular and powdered extracts?
What forms the basis for distinguishing pilular and powdered extracts?
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What temperature range is usually maintained during maceration?
What temperature range is usually maintained during maceration?
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What are resins primarily composed of?
What are resins primarily composed of?
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What is the main characteristic of the percolation process?
What is the main characteristic of the percolation process?
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In which dosage form is pilular extract preferred?
In which dosage form is pilular extract preferred?
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What happens to resins when heated?
What happens to resins when heated?
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In percolation, how does the menstruum flow through the drug column?
In percolation, how does the menstruum flow through the drug column?
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What is typically referred to as the collected extractive in the percolation process?
What is typically referred to as the collected extractive in the percolation process?
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Which statement about natural resins is correct?
Which statement about natural resins is correct?
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Which type of drugs can maceration be most effectively utilized for?
Which type of drugs can maceration be most effectively utilized for?
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Technology I: Topical Solutions and Extracts
- Topical solutions and extracts, administered orally, are linctuses.
- Linctuses are viscous liquid preparations used to relieve coughs.
- Linctuses typically contain a high concentration of sucrose and sometimes other sweetening agents.
- Linctuses are taken in 5mL amounts, should be taken slowly and not diluted beforehand.
- Simple syrup is a common vehicle used in linctuses.
- Syrup tolu is preferred in certain cases due to its aromatic odor and flavor, and also a mild expectorant action.
- Adjuvants include chemical stabilizers, coloring agents (coal tar dyes), flavoring agents (lemon syrup, black current syrup, oxymel) and preservatives.
- Linctuses do not usually have significant side effects like headache, stomach upset or diarrhea, however, overdose may cause these issues.
Liquid Dosage Form Used in Oral Cavity: Sprays
- Sprays are aqueous or oleaginous solutions or finely divided solids.
- They are applied topically, most frequently to the nasopharyngeal tract or skin.
- Commonly used sprays are intranasal for relieving nasal congestion, treating infections, and containing antihistamines, sympathomimetic agents, and antibiotics.
- Insulin and glucagon can potentially be administered via nasal spray. This offers faster symptom relief compared to intravenous administration.
- Sprays for sunburn and heat burns contain local anesthetics, antiseptics, skin protectants, and antipruritics .
- Plastic spray bottles are commonly used for nasal decongestant sprays and cosmetics like body deodorants.
- One-way pump sprays are designed to deliver medicine directly into the nose, and help prevent contamination of the bottle.
Liquid Dosage Form Used in Oral Cavity: Mouthwashes and Gargles
- Mouthwashes and gargles are aqueous solutions, often concentrated, containing active ingredients and excipients.
- Mouthwashes enhance oral hygiene and can address conditions like plaque, gingivitis, dental caries, and stomatitis.
- Flavors like peppermint oil, spearmint oil, cinnamon oil, wintergreen oil, menthol, and methyl salicylate are commonly used.
- Mouthwashes are dispensed in white fluted bottles, clearly labeled with dilution instructions and warnings about not swallowing.
Liquid Dosage Form Used in Oral Cavity: Throat Paints
- Throat paints are viscous, liquid preparations with one or more medicaments, commonly containing high glycerin content, for throat and mouth infections.
- Viscous liquids meant to have sustained contact with the throat lining and provide prolonged drug effect and are used for pharyngitis, laryngitis, and follicular tonsillitis.
- Throat paints are often used for local conditions and applied directly with a brush or cotton swab to the affected area.
- The formulation includes viscous vehicles, flavoring agents, coloring agents, and sweetening agents.
- Medicaments like antiseptics, astringents, and anti-infectives may also be included.
Liquid Dosage Form Used in Oral Cavity: Eye Drops
- Eye drops are sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions used for instillation on the eyeball or within the conjunctival sac for local effects.
- Eye drops require sterility, isotonicity with lachrymal secretions, neutral pH, and freedom from foreign particles.
- The preparation process for eye drops includes sterile preparation of vehicles, dissolving the specific medicaments, clarifying the resultant mixtures, and appropriate sterilization to eliminate particulate matter.
- Sterilization methods can include autoclaving, heating, and filtration through a membrane filter.
Liquid Dosage Form Used in Oral Cavity: Ear Drops
- Ear drops are simple solutions in water, glycerol, propylene glycol, or alcohol/water mixtures for local use including antibiotics, antiseptics, and wax softeners.
- Used for cleaning ears, softening wax, and treating mild infections, however, may inconvenience patients as they need to lie down or tilt their heads.
- Vehicles such as anhydrous glycerin and propylene glycols are popularly used.
- The solutions, after preparation, would be placed in a suitable container and the label "For external use only" would be displayed.
Liquid Dosage Form Used in Oral Cavity: Douches
- Douches are aqueous solutions used as cleansing and antiseptic agents for various cavities in the body, typically applied through the use of bulb syringes.
- Common ingredients in douches include cleansing agents (e.g., sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate), antiseptics (e.g., chlorhexidine), and astringents (e.g., tannic acid, zinc sulfate).
- Douches are commonly used for nasal, pharyngeal, vaginal and eye cleaning.
- Eye, pharyngeal, nasal, and vaginal douches are commonly used for various purposes based on the specific region of the body that needs cleansing or treatment.
Liquid Dosage Form Used in Oral Cavity: Enemas
- Enemas are aqueous or oily solutions, emulsions, or suspensions used for rectal administration for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons including cleansing.
- Enemas can be categorized into cleansing, carminative, retention, lubricating, or medicated enemas based on their intended use.
- Administration of enemas requires the help of trained professionals and proper warming of the solution to body temperature.
- The volume of the enema administered is tailored based on the patient's age and health condition.
Intermediate Products: Aromatic Waters
- Aromatic waters are clear, aqueous solutions saturated with volatile or aromatic substances.
- Aromatic waters can include orange flower, peppermint, rose, anise, spearmint, and wintergreen oil, amongst others.
- They are primarily used in perfumery and flavoring, rather than as standalone therapeutic agents.
Intermediate Products: Concentrated Acids:
- Dilute acids are prepared by diluting concentrated acids with purified water.
- The strength of the dilute acid is expressed as %w/v.
- The strength of concentrated acid is expressed in %w/w.
- HCl (hydrochloric acid) is an example; its concentrations are usually above 60% w/v.
Intermediate Products: Spirits
- Spirits are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances, with concentrations usually above 60%.
- Spirits are used as flavoring agents and medicinally for the therapeutic value of the aromatic solvent.
- They may be prepared by simple solution, solution by maceration, or distillation. Common examples may include aromatic ammonia spirit, camphor spirit, compound orange spirit, and peppermint spirit.
Extraction Methods for Preparing Solutions
- Extraction procedures are important to isolate desired chemical components from crude materials.
- Maceration is a technique where the drug is immersed (soaked) in a solvent until the desired constituents are dissolved.
- Percolation is a method where a suitable solvent is passed through a column of the drug to extract the desired constituents.
- The choice of method depends on factors like the crude drug's properties, the desired constituents, and required quality of the solution.
Example Preparations Prepared by Extraction Processes: Fluidextracts
- Fluidextracts are liquid preparations containing a concentrated amount of active components for each milligram of the drug source.
- They're mainly utilized as sources for medicinal extracts for therapeutic application or as components of other drug preparations like syrups.
Example Preparations Prepared by Extraction Processes: Extracts
- Extracts are concentrated preparations of plant or animal substances, obtained by removing the active components using an appropriate solvent and adjusting the resultant dry material.
- Some extracts are prepared by first using a maceration method, and then percolating to improve the yield of solvent extraction.
- The process involves extraction of active contents and reduction in volume using distillation under heat or reduced pressure for preservation purposes.
- The extent of solvent removal determines the physical characteristics of the final extract and can be liquid(syrupy), solid, or powdered formulations.
Resins and Oleoresins
- Resins are amorphous or semi-solid exudates from trees or from insects feeding on the trees.
- Resins are characterized by their lack of definite shapes, and chemically contain organic acids, alcohols, and neutral resins.
- Oleoresins are mixtures of resins and volatile oils, often used as a starting material for further processing.
- Oleoresins can be solid or liquid, depending on the amount of volatile oil they contain.
Glycerits
- Glycerits are preparations that contain at least 50% glycerin by weight and a medicinal agent.
- Glycerins are usually prepared as solutions of medicinal agents in glycerin, with or without other additives like preservatives and flavors.
- The presence of glycerin in preparations helps maintain stability and increase viscosity. Glycerins are used as topical or for local applications.
Colloidal Dispersions
- Colloidal dispersions are mixtures of very small particles dispersed in a medium, with the particles' size between 1 nm and 0.5 µm.
- Colloidal systems can be either lyophilic (attracted to the solvent) or lyophobic (not attracted to the solvent).
- Lyophilic colloids are often used for stabilization and include organic macromolecules that disperse easily in a liquid.
- Lyophobic colloids are inorganic materials that require special stabilization techniques prior to use.
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