Untitled Quiz

<p>To provide softening capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent irritation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6.8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of lipoidal pneumonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorobutanol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce unpleasant taste and odor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methyl salicylate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pharyngitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased salivary secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For external use only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coloured fluted airtight containers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prolong contact with the mucous membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astringents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It minimizes the expenditure of menstruum while providing complete extraction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Funnel shaped percolator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are too potent or unpalatable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By employing percolation and evaporation of solvents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are two to six times more potent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect against thermal decomposition of active substances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They make the fluidextracts more palatable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$rac{ ext{percentage strength of concentrated acid X specific gravity of concentrated acid}}{ ext{percentage strength of diluted acid X volume of diluted acid to be prepared}} = ext{volume of concentrated acid to use}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23.41 ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marc (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has good solvent action and is readily available. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The solvent or solvent mixture used for extraction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Used as a 5% solution in wound care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crude drugs may contain active and inactive compounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The solvent should dissolve maximum active constituents with minimal undesirable constituents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Are intended to be dry with all menstruum removed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To dissolve the soluble constituents of a drug in a menstruum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Percolation with a solvent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is agitated frequently in a stoppered container (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resins are combustible and non-conductive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They tend to settle at the bottom of the container (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of menstruum remaining in the preparation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15 °C – 20 °C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidized terpenes and carboxylic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The menstruum is passed slowly through a column of drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ointments or pastes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They soften and eventually melt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It flows downward due to gravity and the weight of the liquid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The percolate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are solid or semisolid exudations from plants or certain insects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs containing little or no cellular material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mouthwash is used therapeutically to reduce plaque, gingivitis, dental caries, and stomatitis, or cosmetically to reduce bad breath.

Mouthwashes use peppermint, spearmint, cinnamon, wintergreen, menthol, and methyl salicylate oils for pleasant taste and odor, masking bad taste and odor.

Mouthwash is diluted before use, and it is for external use only; avoid swallowing large quantities.

Throat paints are viscous liquids with medicaments for treating throat/mouth infections.

High glycerin content makes throat paints viscous to keep the medicine on the affected area longer.

Apply throat paint directly to the affected area using a brush or cotton plug.

Throat paints are stored in colored, airtight containers.

Throat paints are helpful in treating pharyngitis, laryngitis, and follicular tonsillitis.

Solutions of drugs in water, glycerol, propylene glycol, or alcohol/water mixtures for local ear use.

The liquid base for ear drops should mix well with earwax and allow drug contact with ear tissue.

Nasal drops solutions should have similar salt content (isotonic) to nasal secretions for comfort.

Nasal drops need a pH of 6.8 to match the nasal mucosa's buffering capacity, which is low.

Oils in nasal drops hinder cilia movement (tiny hairs) in the nose.

A solution of sodium chloride in purified water used as an eye wash and in other medical applications.

Ear drops containing sodium bicarbonate, glycerin, and purified water, commonly used for pain relief and cleaning ear wax.

An eye lotion containing sodium chloride and purified water; a simple and effective eye rinse.

A formula to determine the concentrated HCl required for a specific volume of diluted HCl.

Example calculation for preparing 100 mL of diluted HCl from concentrated HCl.

Process to extract desired constituents from crude drugs using solvents.

Plant or animal drug minimally processed, cleaned, and dried.

Solvent or solvent mixture used in drug extraction.

Plant residue after extraction; exhausted of active constituents.

Choosing solvents based on desired constituent solubility and minimizing unwanted constituent solubility.

Water can be used in drug extraction, often in conjunction with other solvents, due to availability, cost-effectiveness, and ability to dissolve plant constituents.

A process where a drug is soaked in a liquid (menstruum) to soften its cellular structure and dissolve its soluble components.

Maceration can be done by repeatedly agitating the drug in the menstruum or by placing the drug in a porous bag and suspending it in the menstruum.

A process where a drug is extracted by slowly passing a solvent through a column of the drug.

A specialized apparatus used for percolation, where the drug is packed and the extracted liquid (percolate) is collected.

The solvent in percolation usually flows downwards through the drug column due to gravity and the weight of the liquid.

Some advanced percolators use air pressure to enhance the solvent flow through the drug column.

A tall, narrow percolator ideal for complete extraction of drugs using minimal solvent. The narrow design ensures repeated exposure of drug particles to the solvent.

A wide-mouthed percolator suitable for drugs that expand significantly during maceration. The wide top allows swelling without overcrowding, minimizing breakage.

Liquid preparations from plants made by percolation, using alcohol as solvent and preservative. Each milliliter contains the therapeutic constituents of 1 gram of the standard drug.

Many fluidextracts are considered too potent for safe self-administration and are often bitter-tasting or unpalatable.

Concentrated plant or animal preparations obtained by removing active constituents with solvents, evaporating the solvent, and adjusting to prescribed standards. They are typically more potent than the crude drug.

Percolation is commonly used to remove active constituents from the drug during extract manufacturing. The resulting percolate is often concentrated by distillation under reduced pressure to preserve drug integrity.

The final consistency of an extract (solid, semi-solid, or liquid) depends on the extent of solvent removal.

Distillation under reduced pressure is used to concentrate extracts while minimizing heat exposure, protecting the drug substances from degradation.

Extracts are concentrated preparations made by dissolving active ingredients from plants or animals in a suitable solvent. They come in different forms: semiliquid, pilular, and powdered.

Pilular extracts are solid and pliable, resembling a pill. They are preferred when making ointments or pastes because their consistency allows for easy mixing.

Powdered extracts are completely dry and consist of finely ground active ingredients. They are suitable for making powders, capsules, and tablets due to their consistency.

Resins are complex mixtures of essential oils, terpene derivatives, and acids, usually found as exudations from trees.

Resins are created as waste products of plant metabolism, often accumulating in specialized cavities or ducts within the plant.

Resins are typically solid or semi-solid, insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They are often transparent, hard, and combustible.

Resins are obtained from plants and animals using two main methods: extraction with alcohol and precipitation with water, or distillation for oil separation.

Podophyllum Resin is obtained by extracting the active components from dried rhizome and roots of the Podophyllum plant.