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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mode of transmission for Cyclospora cayetanensis?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Cyclospora cayetanensis?
What size is the mature oocyst of Cyclospora?
What size is the mature oocyst of Cyclospora?
Which clinical feature is typically associated with severe infection in immunocompromised individuals?
Which clinical feature is typically associated with severe infection in immunocompromised individuals?
What is observed in intestinal biopsy of a Cyclospora infection?
What is observed in intestinal biopsy of a Cyclospora infection?
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What is the incubation period for Cyclospora infection?
What is the incubation period for Cyclospora infection?
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How can Cyclospora oocysts be identified in stool examination?
How can Cyclospora oocysts be identified in stool examination?
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What staining technique is recommended for visualizing Cyclospora oocysts?
What staining technique is recommended for visualizing Cyclospora oocysts?
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Which of the following regions is NOT commonly associated with Cyclospora infections?
Which of the following regions is NOT commonly associated with Cyclospora infections?
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Study Notes
Cyclosporiasis
- Caused by Cyclospora spp., a coccidian parasite
- Causes prolonged diarrhea, including traveler's diarrhea
- Cyclospora cayetanensis is a specific type
- Infection reported in South E Asia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Middle East, Africa, UK, USA, South and Central America, and the Caribbean
- Oocysts are spherical, 8-10 µm in size
- Sporulated (mature) oocyst round, 8-10 µm, contains two sporocysts, each containing two sporozoites
- Unsporulated (immature) oocyst, passed in feces, contains central morula with 6-9 refractile globules.
- Life cycle not fully understood, possibly with both asexual and sexual cycles in the intestine via ingestion of contaminated food or water
- Sporulated oocysts are infectious to humans
- Oocysts shed in feces sporulate outside the host, becoming infectious
- Humans acquire infection by ingestion of food or water contaminated with oocysts
- Sporozoites are released from the sporocysts, infecting enterocytes in the small intestine
- Sporozoites develop into unsporulated oocysts and excreted in feces
- Incubation period is 1-7 days
- Symptoms include diarrhea, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and fever (often severe in immunocompromised)
- Sometimes asymptomatic, especially in immunocompetent individuals
- Intestinal biopsy shows villous atrophy and blunting, lymphocyte infiltration of lamina propria, and increased lymphocytes in intestinal epithelial cells
Diagnosis
- Stool examination shows round oocysts, observed with wet mount examination, acid-fast stain
- UV epifluorescence microscopy shows acid-fast autofluorescence oocysts,
- Molecular diagnosis with rt-PCR
- Serology for antibody detection
- Histopathology of intestinal biopsies
- Direct wet mount demonstration of oocysts in feces
- Modified Ziehl-Neelsen stains for oocysts (ovoid and acid-fast red colored)
- Oocysts of Cyclospora are acid-fast and stain red in color.
- Unsaturated oocysts of C. cayetanensis are autofluorescent under UV illumination.
Treatment
- Rehydration in serious cases; no treatment needed in mild cases
- Cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, and folic acid have been used
- HIV-infected patients may require long-term suppressive maintenance therapy.
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Description
Explore the details of cyclosporiasis, a disease caused by the coccidian parasite Cyclospora spp. This quiz covers its transmission, symptoms, and life cycle, providing insight into how humans can become infected through contaminated food or water. Test your knowledge on this important health topic!
