Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match the following types of digital threats with their descriptions:
Match the following types of digital threats with their descriptions:
Trolls = Individuals who provoke online arguments Hackers = Individuals who gain unauthorized access to systems Spies = Agents who gather secret information Phishers = Individuals who trick users into revealing personal information
Match the following terms related to cybersecurity with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to cybersecurity with their definitions:
Malware = Software designed to cause harm Ransomware = Malware that locks files for ransom Firewall = A network security system that monitors traffic Spyware = Software that monitors user activity without consent
Match the following tactics with their corresponding objectives:
Match the following tactics with their corresponding objectives:
Disinformation = Spreading false information to confuse DDoS Attack = Overloading a system to make it unavailable Phishing = Stealing personal information through deception Social Engineering = Manipulating individuals to reveal confidential information
Match the following cybersecurity strategies with their purposes:
Match the following cybersecurity strategies with their purposes:
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Match the following famous cyber attacks with their targets:
Match the following famous cyber attacks with their targets:
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Match the following terms used in cybersecurity to their functions:
Match the following terms used in cybersecurity to their functions:
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Match the following internet protocols with their purposes:
Match the following internet protocols with their purposes:
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Match the following notable figures in cybersecurity with their contributions:
Match the following notable figures in cybersecurity with their contributions:
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What is the name of the capital city of Estonia?
What is the name of the capital city of Estonia?
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What is the name of the cyber defence think-tank in Estonia?
What is the name of the cyber defence think-tank in Estonia?
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What is the name of the document that sets out rules for cyber warfare?
What is the name of the document that sets out rules for cyber warfare?
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What is the name of the worm that was used as part of a bid to disrupt the Iranian nuclear program?
What is the name of the worm that was used as part of a bid to disrupt the Iranian nuclear program?
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The Tallinn Manual states that a cyber attack can be considered equivalent to an armed attack if it causes physical harm to people or property.
The Tallinn Manual states that a cyber attack can be considered equivalent to an armed attack if it causes physical harm to people or property.
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The Tallinn Manual explicitly defines how a cyber attack on a critical infrastructure, like a power station, should be treated.
The Tallinn Manual explicitly defines how a cyber attack on a critical infrastructure, like a power station, should be treated.
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The authors of the Tallinn Manual believe that the internet will ultimately become militarized in the same way as other domains like land, sea, and air.
The authors of the Tallinn Manual believe that the internet will ultimately become militarized in the same way as other domains like land, sea, and air.
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The authors of the Tallinn Manual believe that NATO should play a leading role in shaping the future of cyber warfare.
The authors of the Tallinn Manual believe that NATO should play a leading role in shaping the future of cyber warfare.
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What is a key difference between NATO's approach to cyber warfare and that of Russia?
What is a key difference between NATO's approach to cyber warfare and that of Russia?
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Cyber warfare is primarily focused on breaking things or disrupting systems, rather than manipulating information for strategic gains.
Cyber warfare is primarily focused on breaking things or disrupting systems, rather than manipulating information for strategic gains.
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What is the name of the event held in Estonia that brings together experts on cyber warfare?
What is the name of the event held in Estonia that brings together experts on cyber warfare?
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The UK government has recently started a Twitter account to combat online propaganda from ISIL.
The UK government has recently started a Twitter account to combat online propaganda from ISIL.
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The next version of the Tallinn Manual is expected to address the issue of cyber attacks that do not reach the level of physical harm, but still have significant consequences.
The next version of the Tallinn Manual is expected to address the issue of cyber attacks that do not reach the level of physical harm, but still have significant consequences.
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Study Notes
Cyberwarfare: A New Form of Conflict
- Cyberwarfare is becoming more subtle and dangerous, not limited to hacking power stations.
- Estonia, a small Baltic nation, has been a key player in the development of cyber warfare.
- Facing the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, it borders Latvia and Russia.
- Estonia gained independence in 1991.
- Estonia has heavily invested in digital services.
- Estonia uses internet voting and electronic tax filing.
- Estonia has a nationwide digital signature infrastructure.
- Estonia experienced a major cyberattack in 2007.
- The attacks were likely from Russian hackers involving website defacements and denial of service attacks.
- The 2007 attacks highlight the real-world consequences of a purely digital attack on a state.
Tallinn Manual
- The Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CDCOE) publishes the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare.
- It details how existing international law applies to cyber warfare.
- The manual contains 95 "black letter rules".
- The manual establishes rules for cyberwarfare, including the definition of when a cyberattack is equivalent to an armed attack and targeting civilians.
- It considers the legality of scenarios like pre-emptive strikes against potential pipeline hacks.
- It discusses the legality of controlling enemy drones.
No Digital Pearl Harbour
- No nation has yet experienced a significant cyberattack that fulfills the criteria of armed attack as defined in the Tallinn Manual.
- The manual sets out rules for a war that hasn't happened yet.
- Cyberwar encompasses a much wider range of activities.
- Cyberwarfare is a form of information warfare.
Hybrid Information Warfare
- Cyberwarfare isn't solely a digital attack but part of a wider continuum called "hybrid information war."
- This can include subtle or overt propaganda, subtle disinformation and even denial-of-service attacks or website defacement.
- The concept of "troll armies" involves coordinated spread of mis-information using digital means.
- Countries are using internet trolls for propaganda and disinformation.
- Russia and China engage in large-scale disinformation campaigns.
NATO and Cyberwar
- NATO views cyberwarfare as an extension of traditional warfare.
- NATO is not entirely prepared for the digital battlefield.
- The greatest success of cyberwarfare is convincing the world it has not started yet.
- The Tallinn Manual is criticized for its predominantly Western-centric perspective.
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Description
Explore the evolving landscape of cyberwarfare, with a focus on Estonia's significant role and its pioneering digital initiatives. This quiz highlights key events, such as the 2007 cyberattack, and the implications of the Tallinn Manual in defining international law for cyber conflicts.
