Cybersecurity and Human-Computer Interaction

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Questions and Answers

What does utilitarianism focus on when determining the morality of an action?

The adherence to universal laws without contradiction

The overall utility created for the individuals involved (correct)

Absolute moral duties regardless of the consequences

The intrinsic quality of the act itself

Which principle asserts that individuals must not be used as means to an end?

Pragmatic ethics

Consequentialist principles

Categorical imperative (correct)

Maximizing pleasure

Which statement reflects a fundamental aspect of utilitarianism?

Maximize total benefits while minimizing harm (correct)

Acts must align with universal moral laws

Moral reasoning should be based on fixed duties

Pleasure must always outweigh pain

What is the main concern of deontological ethics?

Adhering to absolute moral duties and rights Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is associated with the foundation of utilitarianism?

Jeremy Bentham Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant, what must one consider when deciding if an action is moral?

Whether the action aligns with universal moral law Signup and view all the answers

Which concept corresponds with the belief that pain and pleasure govern human actions?

Utilitarianism Signup and view all the answers

Which document reflects the principle of human dignity as a cornerstone of moral philosophy?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Signup and view all the answers

Which academic fields does Sameer's research focus on?

Human-Computer Interaction and Computer Supported Collaborative Work Signup and view all the answers

What question does the discussion of ethics/moral philosophy primarily address?

What is the right thing to do? Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical approach is NOT mentioned in the introduction to ethics/moral philosophy?

Contractarianism Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is NOT listed as a funder for Sameer's research?

National Institutes of Health Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is used as a working example in discussing digital ethical dilemmas?

Autonomous driving Signup and view all the answers

At which institution did Sameer obtain his Ph.D. in Computer and Information Science?

University of California, Irvine Signup and view all the answers

What consequence is highlighted when discussing the digital ethical dilemma?

Profound and detrimental consequences Signup and view all the answers

What does virtue ethics primarily focus on?

The character and virtues of the moral agent Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant preference noted in Southern cultures regarding ethical decisions?

Preference for sparing the fit over the large. Signup and view all the answers

How do Eastern cultures differ in preference for age compared to Southern cultures?

Less preference for the young over the old. Signup and view all the answers

What type of ethical preference do all cultural groups have regarding pedestrians and passengers?

Weak preference for sparing pedestrians over passengers. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do autonomous vehicles (AVs) face regarding personal safety and ethical dilemmas?

People will favor AVs that are utilitarian but won't use one that risks their own life. Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of decisions recorded in the global study on moral reasoning?

39.61 million Signup and view all the answers

How many countries and territories participated in the moral reasoning study?

233 Signup and view all the answers

What is the general consensus regarding the outcome of utilitarian AVs?

They will reduce road fatalities. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT listed as influencing moral reasoning in the study?

Sparing animals versus inanimate objects Signup and view all the answers

What ethical consideration is emphasized for manufacturers of autonomous cars?

To consider cultural differences in ethical preferences. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do Southern cultures show preferences for social hierarchy in ethical decisions?

Preference for sparing those of higher status. Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural proximity result in, based on the study's findings?

Converging preferences for machine ethics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the outcome regarding global preferences from the study?

Preference for sparing characters on the right side Signup and view all the answers

What personal incentive did many subjects express regarding autonomous vehicles?

A preference for AVs that protect them above all. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is one of the nine factors influencing moral reasoning?

Sparing pedestrians who cross legally versus jaywalking Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible challenge presented by between-cluster differences in moral reasoning?

Greater challenges to machine ethics Signup and view all the answers

How many subjects completed the optional demographic survey at the end of the study?

492,921 Signup and view all the answers

What does virtue ethics emphasize?

The virtues or moral character Signup and view all the answers

What is virtue signaling intended to achieve?

Receiving social and moral praise Signup and view all the answers

Who typically makes legal decisions about ethically-charged technologies?

Government-appointed ethics commissions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of deontological ethics?

Duties and rules-driven approach Signup and view all the answers

According to ethical programming guidelines, which of the following distinctions is prohibited?

Distinctions based on mental constitution Signup and view all the answers

What must the generation of mobility risks ensure according to ethical considerations?

Safety of non-involved parties Signup and view all the answers

What approach contrasts with virtue ethics in normative ethics?

Deontology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with virtue signaling?

Gaining financial profit Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sameer’s Background

Held academic and industry positions in several institutions globally, including Austria, Finland, Germany, and the USA.
Research interests are primarily in cybersecurity from a human-centered perspective, encompassing Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Computer-Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW), and social computing.
His research is supported by major funding sources such as the National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and Google.
Earned a Ph.D. in Computer and Information Science and holds Master's degrees in Information (HCI) and Computer Science & Engineering.

Overview of Ethical Theories

Utilitarianism: Focuses on the outcomes of actions, maximizing benefits (pleasure) and minimizing harm (pain).
Deontology: Centers on following moral duties and rights regardless of consequences; values the intrinsic quality of actions.
Virtue Ethics: Emphasizes moral character and virtues over rules or consequences.

Ethical Dilemmas in Technology

Explores moral questions arising from digital technologies, such as scenarios involving autonomous driving.
Trolley problem thought experiments illustrate classic ethical dilemmas.

Moral Principles

Consequentialism: Assesses morality based on outcomes; prioritizes actions yielding the most overall utility.
Categorical Principles (Deontology): Enforces universal moral duties, indicating that individuals should not be used merely as a means to an end.

Historical Foundations

Utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham): Advocates for the governance of decisions by pain and pleasure to determine moral actions.
Deontology (Immanuel Kant): Introduced the concept of the categorical imperative, governing actions based on whether they can be universally applied without contradiction.

Global Study on Moral Reasoning

Involves 39.61 million decisions from 233 countries and territories, assessing individual and cultural variations in moral preferences.
Key factors influencing moral reasoning include prioritizing humans over pets, swerving dilemmas, and status-based distinctions.

Moral Machine Experiment

Participants express preferences for sparing certain characters (e.g., gender, youth, status) in morally-charged automation scenarios.
Results reflect cultural clusters that converge or diverge in ethical preferences, presenting challenges for manufacturers of autonomous vehicles.

Implications for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)

Interest in whether AV programming should reflect cultural ethical preferences, despite individuals personally preferring self-protective actions.
Dilemma exists: although AVs could reduce fatalities (potentially morally sound), consumer inclination may lean toward models that guarantee personal safety.

Virtue ethics suggests focusing on moral character could guide ethical decisions in technology.
Virtue signaling may provide incentives or benefits for adopting moral practices in technology development.

Decision-Making on Ethical Technologies

Ethics commissions, comprising ethicists and experts, typically advise on the implications of emerging technologies such as gene editing and autonomous systems.

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Description

Explore the intersection of cybersecurity and human-centered design in this quiz. It emphasizes the role of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Computer-Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW), and social computing in enhancing security user experiences. Dive into research supported by major funding sources and discover key insights in this domain.