Cybersecurity and Human-Computer Interaction
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Questions and Answers

What does utilitarianism focus on when determining the morality of an action?

  • The adherence to universal laws without contradiction
  • The overall utility created for the individuals involved (correct)
  • Absolute moral duties regardless of the consequences
  • The intrinsic quality of the act itself
  • Which principle asserts that individuals must not be used as means to an end?

  • Pragmatic ethics
  • Consequentialist principles
  • Categorical imperative (correct)
  • Maximizing pleasure
  • Which statement reflects a fundamental aspect of utilitarianism?

  • Maximize total benefits while minimizing harm (correct)
  • Acts must align with universal moral laws
  • Moral reasoning should be based on fixed duties
  • Pleasure must always outweigh pain
  • What is the main concern of deontological ethics?

    <p>Adhering to absolute moral duties and rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is associated with the foundation of utilitarianism?

    <p>Jeremy Bentham</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kant, what must one consider when deciding if an action is moral?

    <p>Whether the action aligns with universal moral law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept corresponds with the belief that pain and pleasure govern human actions?

    <p>Utilitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document reflects the principle of human dignity as a cornerstone of moral philosophy?

    <p>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which academic fields does Sameer's research focus on?

    <p>Human-Computer Interaction and Computer Supported Collaborative Work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What question does the discussion of ethics/moral philosophy primarily address?

    <p>What is the right thing to do?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theoretical approach is NOT mentioned in the introduction to ethics/moral philosophy?

    <p>Contractarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is NOT listed as a funder for Sameer's research?

    <p>National Institutes of Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario is used as a working example in discussing digital ethical dilemmas?

    <p>Autonomous driving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which institution did Sameer obtain his Ph.D. in Computer and Information Science?

    <p>University of California, Irvine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence is highlighted when discussing the digital ethical dilemma?

    <p>Profound and detrimental consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does virtue ethics primarily focus on?

    <p>The character and virtues of the moral agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant preference noted in Southern cultures regarding ethical decisions?

    <p>Preference for sparing the fit over the large.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Eastern cultures differ in preference for age compared to Southern cultures?

    <p>Less preference for the young over the old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ethical preference do all cultural groups have regarding pedestrians and passengers?

    <p>Weak preference for sparing pedestrians over passengers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge do autonomous vehicles (AVs) face regarding personal safety and ethical dilemmas?

    <p>People will favor AVs that are utilitarian but won't use one that risks their own life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of decisions recorded in the global study on moral reasoning?

    <p>39.61 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many countries and territories participated in the moral reasoning study?

    <p>233</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general consensus regarding the outcome of utilitarian AVs?

    <p>They will reduce road fatalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT listed as influencing moral reasoning in the study?

    <p>Sparing animals versus inanimate objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical consideration is emphasized for manufacturers of autonomous cars?

    <p>To consider cultural differences in ethical preferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do Southern cultures show preferences for social hierarchy in ethical decisions?

    <p>Preference for sparing those of higher status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cultural proximity result in, based on the study's findings?

    <p>Converging preferences for machine ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the outcome regarding global preferences from the study?

    <p>Preference for sparing characters on the right side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personal incentive did many subjects express regarding autonomous vehicles?

    <p>A preference for AVs that protect them above all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is one of the nine factors influencing moral reasoning?

    <p>Sparing pedestrians who cross legally versus jaywalking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible challenge presented by between-cluster differences in moral reasoning?

    <p>Greater challenges to machine ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many subjects completed the optional demographic survey at the end of the study?

    <p>492,921</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does virtue ethics emphasize?

    <p>The virtues or moral character</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is virtue signaling intended to achieve?

    <p>Receiving social and moral praise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who typically makes legal decisions about ethically-charged technologies?

    <p>Government-appointed ethics commissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of deontological ethics?

    <p>Duties and rules-driven approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to ethical programming guidelines, which of the following distinctions is prohibited?

    <p>Distinctions based on mental constitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must the generation of mobility risks ensure according to ethical considerations?

    <p>Safety of non-involved parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach contrasts with virtue ethics in normative ethics?

    <p>Deontology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically associated with virtue signaling?

    <p>Gaining financial profit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sameer’s Background

    • Held academic and industry positions in several institutions globally, including Austria, Finland, Germany, and the USA.
    • Research interests are primarily in cybersecurity from a human-centered perspective, encompassing Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Computer-Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW), and social computing.
    • His research is supported by major funding sources such as the National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and Google.
    • Earned a Ph.D. in Computer and Information Science and holds Master's degrees in Information (HCI) and Computer Science & Engineering.

    Overview of Ethical Theories

    • Utilitarianism: Focuses on the outcomes of actions, maximizing benefits (pleasure) and minimizing harm (pain).
    • Deontology: Centers on following moral duties and rights regardless of consequences; values the intrinsic quality of actions.
    • Virtue Ethics: Emphasizes moral character and virtues over rules or consequences.

    Ethical Dilemmas in Technology

    • Explores moral questions arising from digital technologies, such as scenarios involving autonomous driving.
    • Trolley problem thought experiments illustrate classic ethical dilemmas.

    Moral Principles

    • Consequentialism: Assesses morality based on outcomes; prioritizes actions yielding the most overall utility.
    • Categorical Principles (Deontology): Enforces universal moral duties, indicating that individuals should not be used merely as a means to an end.

    Historical Foundations

    • Utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham): Advocates for the governance of decisions by pain and pleasure to determine moral actions.
    • Deontology (Immanuel Kant): Introduced the concept of the categorical imperative, governing actions based on whether they can be universally applied without contradiction.

    Global Study on Moral Reasoning

    • Involves 39.61 million decisions from 233 countries and territories, assessing individual and cultural variations in moral preferences.
    • Key factors influencing moral reasoning include prioritizing humans over pets, swerving dilemmas, and status-based distinctions.

    Moral Machine Experiment

    • Participants express preferences for sparing certain characters (e.g., gender, youth, status) in morally-charged automation scenarios.
    • Results reflect cultural clusters that converge or diverge in ethical preferences, presenting challenges for manufacturers of autonomous vehicles.

    Implications for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)

    • Interest in whether AV programming should reflect cultural ethical preferences, despite individuals personally preferring self-protective actions.
    • Dilemma exists: although AVs could reduce fatalities (potentially morally sound), consumer inclination may lean toward models that guarantee personal safety.

    Virtue Ethics and Social Dilemmas

    • Virtue ethics suggests focusing on moral character could guide ethical decisions in technology.
    • Virtue signaling may provide incentives or benefits for adopting moral practices in technology development.

    Decision-Making on Ethical Technologies

    • Ethics commissions, comprising ethicists and experts, typically advise on the implications of emerging technologies such as gene editing and autonomous systems.

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    Description

    Explore the intersection of cybersecurity and human-centered design in this quiz. It emphasizes the role of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Computer-Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW), and social computing in enhancing security user experiences. Dive into research supported by major funding sources and discover key insights in this domain.

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