Cybersecurity and Healthcare Model Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of email should one ignore to protect against identity and credit card theft?

  • Emails that promote security software at a discount
  • Emails requesting personal information for verification purposes
  • Emails threatening to reveal damaging information unless money is paid (correct)
  • Emails containing attachments from unknown senders
  • Which safeguard can help prevent identity tracking through cookies?

  • Using a more expensive device for better security
  • Using personal information in online profiles
  • Allowing cookies for personal convenience
  • Installing ad blocker software (correct)
  • What is a recommended safeguard against accidental data loss?

  • Using only personal devices to store data
  • Keeping all information on a single computer for easy access
  • Regularly deleting unused files to free up space
  • Backing up data in external storage away from the computer (correct)
  • Which action should be taken concerning personal information to enhance online safety?

    <p>Avoid oversharing personal information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key action to take regarding scam messages?

    <p>Ignore and delete them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must employees understand to safeguard their email from employer monitoring?

    <p>The laws and employment restrictions regarding privacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when handling passwords on mobile devices?

    <p>Storing them on the device (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the paternalistic model of healthcare, what role does the doctor primarily serve?

    <p>A filter and interpreter of medical information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended method for checking the validity of an urban legend?

    <p>Use dedicated myth-checking websites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of forgetting the decryption password used to encrypt files?

    <p>The files will become permanently inaccessible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern regarding patient-centered medical practice?

    <p>It empowers patients but may burden them with decision-making. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Engeström's Activity Systems Model, which component represents the intended purpose of interaction?

    <p>Outcome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does internet usage by patients compare to traditional medical professionals?

    <p>Patients often utilize the internet as effectively as, or better than, some medical professionals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Everett Roger’s classification of innovation adoption, who are considered the first adopters of an innovation?

    <p>Early adopters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'critical mass' in the context of the diffusion process for innovations?

    <p>A point where adoption becomes widespread and potentially risky. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic phase of internet adoption in Oman currently?

    <p>Laggards phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'e-patients'?

    <p>Patients who are equipped, enabled, empowered, and engaged in their healthcare decisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'automatic explosion' refer to in the context of a normal MeSH search?

    <p>Automatically including all related terms in the search (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common outcomes of e-patient and doctor interactions?

    <p>Patients receive better information from the internet than from doctors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about PubMed Central (PMC) is accurate?

    <p>It is less prestigious than Medline but still includes full articles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group is most likely to use the internet for health-related information?

    <p>Aged 10-17 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of Google Scholar compared to Medline?

    <p>It is not strictly focused on medical literature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary disadvantage of email communication in healthcare?

    <p>It can lead to misunderstandings due to lack of visual cues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of Google Scholar assists users in staying updated on specific topics?

    <p>Alert notifications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following poses a problem when seeking health information online?

    <p>Interpreting outdated or contradictory medical trials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does the medical field face regarding the diffusion of information?

    <p>Lack of effective methods to spread knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that doctor recommendations can assist e-patients?

    <p>They improve the quality of information e-patients gather. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of online medical resources, what is one of the challenges related to staying current with information?

    <p>Information is often rapidly outdated and not always validated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a commonly experienced issue by e-patients when searching for medical information online?

    <p>Encountering conflicting information and medical jargon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do articles labeled 'FREE PMC article' indicate?

    <p>They are available for viewing without charge in PMC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an issue related to the challenge of translational medicine?

    <p>Professionals are often reluctant to adopt new information from research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one capability patients have regarding their electronic medical records (EMRs)?

    <p>They can change specific data like age or disease history. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Omani doctors generally feel about patients bringing information from online sources?

    <p>They welcome it, finding patients more informed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sites is most commonly recommended by Omani doctors?

    <p>Medscape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is seen in relation to the usage of health-related apps in Oman?

    <p>Younger patients use them more than older patients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant result of better informed patients according to Omani patient attitudes?

    <p>Improvement in the doctor-patient relationship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific form of communication do about half of Omani patients use to interact with their doctors?

    <p>Email (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of Dave's relationship with his doctor contributed to its effectiveness?

    <p>Understanding personal details about each other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the awareness of E-patients among Omani doctors?

    <p>Half of Omani doctors are aware and interact electronically with E-patients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    What is phishing?

    Phishing emails try to trick you into giving up personal information by pretending to be from a legitimate source. They may threaten you, offer a prize, or try to create a personal connection.

    What is scareware?

    Scareware is a type of malware that tricks you into thinking your computer is infected and then tries to sell you fake antivirus software.

    What are cookies?

    Cookies track your online activities and can be used to create a profile about you, which can be used for targeted advertising or even identity theft.

    What does an employer have the right to monitor?

    Employers may monitor your email and activities on company devices, so it's important to understand the limits of the law and employment restrictions.

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    Why are backups important?

    Regular backups help protect you from data loss due to accidental deletion, hardware failure, or other unexpected events.

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    Browser Security Settings

    Browsers, such as Chrome, Firefox, and Edge, offer settings for privacy and security, often located in menus. Accessing these settings can be a way to control how the browser manages your information and security on the web.

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    Filter and Interpreter in Medicine

    In a traditional medical setting, doctors act as filters and interpreters of medical information. They select relevant information, translate complex medical terms into understandable language, and guide patients with informed consent.

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    Informed Consent in Medicine

    Informed consent is the process of obtaining a patient's permission to proceed with a medical procedure or treatment after ensuring they fully understand the risks, benefits, alternatives, and potential consequences. This is a crucial aspect of patient-centered medical practice.

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    Mobile Device Security

    Mobile devices, due to their portability and connectivity, present unique security challenges. They often require a multi-pronged approach to protect sensitive information, including avoiding password storage, vigilance about unattended devices, checking app permissions, and utilizing encryption techniques.

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    Shift from Paternalistic to Patient-Centered Medicine

    With the rise of patient-centered medical practice, the traditional paternalistic model, where doctors hold all the information and control, has become less prevalent. Patients are now empowered to actively engage in their own care and participate in decision-making.

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    Patient-centered medical practice

    Patients are empowered but may be burdened by new responsibilities in healthcare decisions.

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    Engeström's Activity Systems Model

    Engeström's Activity Systems Model analyzes interactions in work environments by identifying key components like the subject (person in charge), object (recipient), outcome, instruments, rules, community, and division of labor.

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    Medical Instruments and Ownership

    Medical instruments require professional training and control by healthcare professionals, who have ownership due to their expertise.

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    Internet as a Medical Instrument

    The internet has become a powerful medical instrument used by patients, sometimes even surpassing medical professionals in information access.

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    Innovators and Adoption Speeds

    Everett Rogers' classification categorizes individuals based on their adoption speed of innovations, ranging from early adopters who embrace new technology quickly to laggards who resist change.

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    Critical Mass

    The point where widespread adoption of an innovation becomes inevitable and its failure unlikely.

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    Early Adopters

    Early adopters are the first to embrace a new technology or idea. They are often tech-savvy, willing to take risks, and eager to try something new.

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    Early Majority

    The early majority is the second group to adopt an innovation. They are more cautious than early adopters and prefer to wait for the technology to become more established and reliable.

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    E-Patients

    Patients who actively use the internet to gather medical information, make healthcare decisions, and manage their health conditions.

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    Early Stage Adoption

    The stage of an innovation's lifecycle when only a small percentage of the potential market has adopted it.

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    Benefits of E-Patients

    The benefits of e-patients using online sources for medical information include finding potentially more accurate information, getting faster answers, and having more time to process information.

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    Concerns of E-Patients

    Some concerns about e-patients using online medical information include potentially encountering misinformation, struggling to understand complex medical jargon, and possibly neglecting to inform their doctor about their findings.

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    General Search Engines

    The most common source of information for e-patients, often unreliable, and mixed with factual and misleading content.

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    What is automatic explosion in MeSH?

    Automatically including all related terms in a search. It allows for more comprehensive results by expanding your search beyond just the main term.

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    What is PubMed?

    A search engine that focuses on medical literature, using standardized terms (MeSH) for precise searches.

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    What is PubMed Central (PMC)?

    A website that houses full articles (not just summaries) and is often used as a free resource for medical research.

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    What is Google Scholar?

    A search engine that uses broad terms and searches across various sources, useful for finding information even outside the medical field.

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    What is a Google Scholar Alert?

    A feature in Google Scholar that allows you to set up automated searches for specific topics, making it easier to stay updated.

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    What is the challenge of staying current with medical information?

    The challenge of keeping up with the rapid pace of new medical research, as older information becomes outdated.

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    What is translational medicine?

    When research findings are translated into practical applications in healthcare settings for real patient benefits.

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    What is the challenge of information diffusion in medicine?

    The process of effectively spreading new medical information from researchers to healthcare professionals.

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    EU Patient Access to EMRs

    Patients in the EU have direct access to their medical records. They can modify some information, such as age or disease history, but not all.

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    The Rise of the E-Patient

    Patients are increasingly using the internet to search for medical information and connect with doctors. This has led to a shift in the doctor-patient relationship, with patients becoming more informed and active participants in their care.

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    Doctor Rating Websites

    Many online platforms and resources specifically rate and review doctors. This provides patients with a way to assess doctor quality and make informed choices.

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    Omani Doctor's Attitude towards Informed Patients

    Doctors in Oman are generally positive about patients bringing medical information to consultations. They acknowledge the value of informed patients and are willing to adapt their approach to cater to this.

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    Omani Patient's Attitude towards Information Sharing

    Omani patients are generally receptive to the idea of bringing medical information to consultations. They see the benefits of being more informed, but also acknowledge the potential impact on consultation time.

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    Dave and His Doctor: A Positive Relationship

    Dave's relationship with his doctor is positive because of a good balance between sharing medical and personal information. The doctor's willingness to encourage research and acknowledge limitations shows trust and confidence.

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    Doctor's Role in Guiding Patient Research

    The doctor suggests Dave consult a specific website (acor.org) demonstrating awareness of available resources and encouragement for patient research. This highlights a shift towards a collaborative approach to care.

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    Shifting Doctor-Patient Communication

    With the rise of e-patients, there's a change in how doctors access and share information. They may be involved in online platforms or utilize digital tools to manage patient data.

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    Study Notes

    Contents

    • Image manipulation:
      • Why are images manipulated? Cultural reasons, and to improve physical appearance.
      • How to spot manipulated images? Look for curved lines, reflections not matching, editing image saving as .png, copy-pasted crowds, multiple hands, unrealistic hands/legs, smoke/water patterns not matching the background, or image perspective issues.
      • Why do patients believe manipulated images? Confirmation bias.
    • Communication and networking:
      • communication model: Sender (message) -> receiver (feedback), needing the same code/language. Noise interferes with communication.
      • communication model in a computer network: Computer (sender) -> modem (modulator/demodulator) -> network cable/wifi (channel equivalent) -> transmission specifications (equivalent language) -> Modem (modulator/demodulator) -> Computer (receiver). Data is stored digitally but the channel has an analog form. Modulator converts to analog, demodulator to digital format.
      • types of communication channels: Fastest - Fiberoptic cable, Slowest - Dialup. Categories include voiceband (slowest), medium band, broadband. Bandwidth is the pipe thickness (capacity) meaning higher bandwidth is better, for thick pipe.
      • Bandwidth: Measurement of communication channel capacity.
      • Protocols: Communication rules for devices to communicate. The internet uses the TCP/IP protocol.
      • Physical Networks: Wired LAN (nodes connected by cables), client (requests service), server (provides service), hub (connecting nodes), NIC (connects node to network), network operating system (OS for network), distributed processing (multiple computers on a task), and host computer (stores files)
    • Wireless LAN: Similar to wired LAN but without cables, wireless access points for range extension, and nodes connected to the modem.
    • Network types:
      • PAN (personal network area): e.g. Bluetooth.
      • LAN (local area network): Building full or multiple buildings.
      • MAN (metropolitan area network): 100 miles range.
      • WAN (wide area network): Country wide range.
      • GAN (global area network): Internet.
    • Organizational networks (not physical):
      • Intranet: Private network within an organization.
      • Extranet: Connects an organization to external parties (suppliers).
      • Firewall: Protection against external threats.
      • VPN (virtual private network): Allows privacy through proxy servers.
    • Privacy and security in health context:
      • Data examples: Assignments, research data, patient info, confidential reports, personal information, etc.
      • Ethical concepts: Privacy, confidentiality, accuracy, currency, property, and access.
    • Traditional role of doctor in flow of medical information:
    • Filter and interpreter: Filtering relevant information and interpreting it for the patient, involving the doctor explaining it in simple language. Doctor gives medical information and the patient provides informed consent.
    • Why doesn't this model work anymore?: Patient-centered medical practice emphasis on empowering patients and shifting burden of decisions from doctor to patient.
    • Patient-centered medical practice
    • Anti view on this practice: Some may oppose the practice but the opposing opinion was not mentioned further.
    • Interaction in work environment: Egestroem's activity systems model.
    • Medical instruments: Trained professionals use medical equipment; subjects (doctors) are trained and objects are not. Internet as an instrument is widely used by patients.
    • Internet as an instrument: Patients use the internet, sometimes better than medical professionals.
    • How is this change explained?:
      • Internet's adoption: Innovators -> Early Adopters -> Early Majority -> Late Majority -> Laggards.
    • Adoption of internet in Oman: Oman is currently in the laggards phase of internet adoption, despite many using the internet.
    • e-patient characteristics: A linked term to medical instruments describing patients who are: equipped, enabled, empowered, and engaged – interacting with medical care using the internet. – Look at medical information on the internet, make decisions based on it, and treat themselves.
    • Doctor characteristics in Oman: Half of Omani doctors are aware of e-patients and interact electronically with them. They also use email, but mostly use social media. Many find patients come with information, recommend sites, and some relationship between awareness and site recommendation.
    • Patient characteristics in Oman: Less knowledgeable about e-patients, but some email communication. Small number use internet for health activities.
    • Omani patient attitude/knowledge: Positive towards bringing material to doctors. Improvements in doctor-patient relationships through internet. Omani patients more aware of chronic conditions, compared to acute. Higher knowledge in Oman compared to other countries. Similar information sources to other countries.
    • Dave and his doctor's relationship: Strong working relationship based on a balance of medical information and trust with good explanations of the doctor's usage of medical websites.
    • How to prepare for the Omani E-patient: Understand that Omani usage is similar to other countries, mostly using social media .
    • Searching information on the internet: Help patients find useful and suitable sources, but also educate them to act as a filter with trusted sites to gather information.
    • Security, privacy, and liability: Importance of secure data records, awareness of legal limitations, advice to use electronic devices appropriately, personal information not put into the public, patient confidentiality, and reviews.
    • Medical search engines: Google (covers both medical and non-medical), Medline/PubMed (specialized medical database searching, including advanced searches like MeSH-term based and with dates), Pubmed Central (PMC) (providing full-text articles), and Google Scholar (searches more than just medical resources.
    • Online medical resources (theory): Staying current with medical information, challenges including expensive textbooks, spreading information, and evolving medical conditions and requirements concerning online information use.
    • Online resources: Internet is replacing libraries, digital library examples include newsletters, CME (continuing medical education), journals, books, benefits of online sources include updated more frequently, and ability to use evidence-based data.
    • Medical websites: Website examples. Medscape (all-purpose site for many medical specialties, students, CME and drug searches, web-option), Univadis (requires registration, access to journals, videos, news, 3D Atlas), UpToDate (updated quarterly, CME resources, patient portal, and access to journals) and Ovid (thousands of textbooks, full text journals, ability to search multiple databases).

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    Theory PDF 2021

    Description

    Test your knowledge on cybersecurity practices and the paternalistic model of healthcare. This quiz covers essential safeguards against identity theft, data loss, and email safety, as well as concepts related to patient-centered medical practice and Engeström's Activity Systems Model. Enhance your understanding of these critical topics.

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