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Questions and Answers
Which of the following challenges do law enforcement agencies face in dealing with cybercrime?
Which of the following challenges do law enforcement agencies face in dealing with cybercrime?
Which crime is NOT specifically listed under Title 18 as a federal law enforcement provision related to cybercrime?
Which crime is NOT specifically listed under Title 18 as a federal law enforcement provision related to cybercrime?
What does the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 primarily focus on?
What does the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 primarily focus on?
Which of the following supplemental federal laws is associated with cybercrime?
Which of the following supplemental federal laws is associated with cybercrime?
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Which of the following statements about traditional statutes related to cybercrime is true?
Which of the following statements about traditional statutes related to cybercrime is true?
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What was a significant limitation of the original act prior to the evolution of computer-specific statutes?
What was a significant limitation of the original act prior to the evolution of computer-specific statutes?
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How did the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 change the approach to computer intrusions?
How did the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 change the approach to computer intrusions?
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Which of the following was a focus of the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996?
Which of the following was a focus of the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996?
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What type of activities were expanded under the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996?
What type of activities were expanded under the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996?
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Which of the following is NOT included in the expansions made by the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996?
Which of the following is NOT included in the expansions made by the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996?
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What is a consequence of the PROTECT Act for repeat child sex offenders?
What is a consequence of the PROTECT Act for repeat child sex offenders?
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Which of the following is included as identifying information under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998?
Which of the following is included as identifying information under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998?
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What requirement does the Financial Modernization Act of 1999 impose on financial institutions?
What requirement does the Financial Modernization Act of 1999 impose on financial institutions?
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What is unlawful under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act in relation to another person's identifying information?
What is unlawful under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act in relation to another person's identifying information?
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Which of the following actions is NOT addressed by the PROTECT Act?
Which of the following actions is NOT addressed by the PROTECT Act?
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Which of the following is a method used under the PROTECT Act for addressing cases of child abuse?
Which of the following is a method used under the PROTECT Act for addressing cases of child abuse?
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Which of the following best describes a key feature of the Financial Privacy Rule?
Which of the following best describes a key feature of the Financial Privacy Rule?
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What type of offenders does the PROTECT Act specifically target?
What type of offenders does the PROTECT Act specifically target?
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Which piece of legislation makes possessing another person's identifying information a crime?
Which piece of legislation makes possessing another person's identifying information a crime?
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What type of background checks are mandated by the PROTECT Act for volunteer organizations?
What type of background checks are mandated by the PROTECT Act for volunteer organizations?
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The National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996 expanded its focus to intentional intrusions only.
The National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996 expanded its focus to intentional intrusions only.
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The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 initially included provisions for unintentional intrusions.
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 initially included provisions for unintentional intrusions.
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Trafficking in passwords is a crime covered under the expansions made by the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996.
Trafficking in passwords is a crime covered under the expansions made by the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996.
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The original Computer Fraud and Abuse Act resulted in more than one successful prosecution.
The original Computer Fraud and Abuse Act resulted in more than one successful prosecution.
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The National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996 primarily targeted intentional computer crimes without considering other forms of offense.
The National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996 primarily targeted intentional computer crimes without considering other forms of offense.
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The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 primarily targets unauthorized access to a computer.
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 primarily targets unauthorized access to a computer.
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Title 15 includes provisions for child seduction and exploitation in relation to cybercrime.
Title 15 includes provisions for child seduction and exploitation in relation to cybercrime.
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The Hobbs Act is included under Title 18 and pertains to issues such as kidnapping.
The Hobbs Act is included under Title 18 and pertains to issues such as kidnapping.
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Supplemental federal criminal laws concerning cybercrime include laws related to theft of physical property.
Supplemental federal criminal laws concerning cybercrime include laws related to theft of physical property.
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A significant challenge for law enforcement agencies includes apathy towards nonviolent crime.
A significant challenge for law enforcement agencies includes apathy towards nonviolent crime.
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The PROTECT Act mandates a life penalty for first-time child sex offenders.
The PROTECT Act mandates a life penalty for first-time child sex offenders.
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Under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act, it is illegal to knowingly use another person's identification without lawful authority.
Under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act, it is illegal to knowingly use another person's identification without lawful authority.
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The Financial Modernization Act of 1999 requires financial institutions to keep all personal information private without any options for consumers.
The Financial Modernization Act of 1999 requires financial institutions to keep all personal information private without any options for consumers.
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The Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act recognizes an alien registration number as identifying information.
The Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act recognizes an alien registration number as identifying information.
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The PROTECT Act allows for electronic eavesdropping in cases involving child exploitation.
The PROTECT Act allows for electronic eavesdropping in cases involving child exploitation.
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Criminal history checks for volunteer organizations were mandated by the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act.
Criminal history checks for volunteer organizations were mandated by the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act.
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Possessing another person’s Social Security number without permission is legal under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act.
Possessing another person’s Social Security number without permission is legal under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act.
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The Financial Privacy Rule is part of the Financial Modernization Act of 1999.
The Financial Privacy Rule is part of the Financial Modernization Act of 1999.
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The identity theft statutes include the protection of financial data only, excluding other personal identifiers.
The identity theft statutes include the protection of financial data only, excluding other personal identifiers.
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The Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act was enacted in 1995.
The Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act was enacted in 1995.
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Study Notes
Computer Forensics and Cybercrime: Avenues for Prosecution and Government Efforts
- Law enforcement faces challenges like smaller agencies lacking resources, leading to reliance on state/federal agencies, often overburdened. Historically, there's been apathy towards nonviolent crime and a slow pace of legislative action.
Traditional Statutes
- Major federal law enforcement provisions related to cybercrime exist under Title 18, covering various crimes.
- Examples include Fraud & Embezzlement, Terrorism/Espionage, Child Seduction & Exploitation, Stalking, Kidnapping (Hobbs Act), Forgery/Counterfeiting, Extortion, RICO, Access Device Fraud, and Illegal Wiretapping.
- Supplemental federal laws for cybercrime exist in other titles, such as Title 15 (Credit Card Fraud/Software Piracy) and Title 17 (Copyright Infringement).
The Evolution of Computer-Specific Statutes
- The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 (CFAA) focused narrowly on unauthorized access to computers, but was considered ineffective due to vagueness.
- Later expansions applied the Act to computers used in commerce/communication and applied to all financial records. Intentional, not inadvertent, intrusions are now targeted.
- The National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996 (NIIPA) addressed loopholes in the CFAA focusing on accidental intrusions, computer-related offenses, when computer data is not primary target, and computers attached to internet not involved in commerce.
- There’s been an expansion to include transmission of classified government information, financial institution data, private sector computer/U.S. government data, and affecting government use of nonpublic computer systems/agencies, as well as fraud/hacking involving any of those activities; also unintentional damages and password trafficking.
- Cybercrime statutes continue to evolve.
Evolving Child Pornography Statutes
- The PROTECT Act provided mandatory life sentences for repeat child sex offenders.
- Criminal history/background checks are mandated for organizations dealing with volunteers. Electronic eavesdropping is authorized for cases of child abuse or kidnapping.
Identity Theft and Financial Privacy Statutes
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The Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act (ITADA) of 1998 criminalized possession of another's identifying information (public and nonpublic) and unlawful transfer/use of identification information for criminal intent.
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Identifying information, as defined by ITADA, includes name, SSN, date of birth, official state/government issued driver's licenses, alien registration/passport numbers, and employer/taxpayer ID numbers.
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The Financial Modernization Act of 1999 contains the Financial Privacy Rule, requiring financial institutions to disclose their privacy practices/allow opt-out of some personal information disclosures.
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The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA) of 2003 mandates steps like free credit reports, fraud alerts related to active military service, and truncating credit/debit/SSN numbers to prevent dumpster diving. Other provisions are one-call fraud alerts/enhanced victim resolution processes; also mandates card issuers investigation into changes of address related to new cards/fraudulent accounts as well as requirements for consumer reporting agencies
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There are additional acts to protect personal information, including the Drivers Privacy Protection Act(prohibiting unauthorized use of SSNs/other personal information from motor vehicle records), and Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (restricts healthcare organizations disclosing Social Security/Health information)
Federally Funded Initiatives and Collaborations
- The President's Working Group on Unlawful Conduct on the Internet aims to evaluate the sufficiency of existing laws/whether new technologies necessitate new/updated legal tools related to Internet crime, and whether education/empowerment tools can minimize risks.
Law Enforcement Operations and Tools
- Packet sniffers and keyloggers, like Dragonware/Carnivore, are used to reconstruct web surfing trails, and the Magic Lantern keylogger records keystrokes/mouse clicks to unscramble encrypted files.
- Data mining uses statistical models, algorithms/AI to analyses large datasets, and commonly looks at:
- associations of connected events
- sequences of events
- classification/clustering of new/previously unknown patterns
- forecast of future activities
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Description
Test your knowledge about the challenges faced by law enforcement in tackling cybercrime. This quiz covers key federal laws, including the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986, and explores traditional statutes related to cybercrime. Assess your understanding of the legal landscape surrounding this pressing issue.
