Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)

• CPS are physical and engineered systems with computing and communication integration for monitoring, coordination, and control.
• CPS has the potential of transforming physical world interaction, similar to the internet's impact on human interaction.
• Design, construction, and verification present technical challenges requiring cross-disciplinary collaboration.

General Terms

• Theory
• Design
• Reliability
• Performance
• Security
• Human Factors
• Verification
• Languages

Keywords

• Cyber-physical systems
• Engineering
• Computer science
• Grand challenges
• New frontiers

CPS Introduction

• CPS applications hold societal and economic potential by integrating computing and communication into physical objects and structures.
• CPS intimately connect the cyber and physical realms from nano-scale to wide-area systems.
• CPS will transform physical world control and interaction.
• CPS examples: medical devices, aerospace, transportation, defense, robotics, automation, environmental control, smart spaces.
• CPS interacts with the physical world, demanding dependable, safe, secure, efficient, and real-time operations.
• CPS results from confluence of embedded systems, real-time systems, and distributed sensor systems.
• Low-cost sensors, computing devices, wireless communication, abundant bandwidth, and energy innovations drive CPS.
• CPS technology needs driven by vendors in sectors like aerospace, building control, infrastructure, and healthcare.
• CPS integrates discrete computing logic with continuous physical dynamics.
• Precision computing must manage physical environment uncertainty and noise.
• CPS must address imperfect synchrony, component failures, security, privacy, and multi-time-scale system dynamics.
• Innovative principles and rigorous methods are needed to replace trial-and-error system building.

Challenges and Opportunities

• Powerful analysis and advanced mathematics are needed for efficient techniques.
• Robust system design is required for unexpected failures.
• New sensors and actuators need development.
• CPS is enabled through interconnected processing clusters and smart sensor networks.
• Cyber and physical context coupling drives new application demands.
• Innovative solutions required for unprecedented security, privacy, and spatio-temporal constraints.
• Integration and influence across administration boundaries will be possible
• CPS innovation necessitates collaboration between computer scientists, network professionals, and experts in engineering disciplines (control, signal processing, civil, mechanical, biology).
• University engineering and science education will be revolutionized.
• Industry teams constructing CPS will change dramatically, enhancing national economic competitiveness.

Grand CPS Challenges

• Blackout-free electricity.
• Extreme-yield agriculture.
• Safe, rapid evacuation.
• Perpetual life assistants.
• Location-independent medicine.
• Near-zero traffic fatalities.
• Reduced testing and integration time.
• Energy-aware buildings and cities.
• Physical critical infrastructure maintenance.
• Self-correcting cyber-physical systems.

Advanced Electric Power Grid

• Electric power transmission grid is critical infrastructure needing protection.
• Failure can cause cascading blackouts.
• Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) mitigate failures.
• Distributed Energy Resource (DER) growth stresses the grid as wind-power producing an irregular stream of electricity.
• Coordination and interaction science are required.
• Electric Power Transmission Grid uses distributed decisions to coordinate control and sensing to maintain correct operation, detect faults, and counter attacks

Power Grid Challenges

• Multiple time scales of control elements that require the modeling of cyber control and power electronics.
• It requires resilience to maintain correctness through improperly controlled resources.
• Securing networks from possible cyber-attacks requires a security policy.
• Existing power grid system must transition to advanced grid network.
• Establish a financially secure and sustainable system for fair electricity market.
• Power informatics need multidisciplinary educational paradigms.

Symbiotic Cyber-Physical Networks for Science

• Unsustainable trends observed through global warming show potential mega-catastrophes.
• Observation of melting ice caps, about 8% a decade, necessitates long-term solutions to avoid crises.
• Resulting investments will occur in infrastructure ecological, urban and industrial monitoring that helps predict global effects on natural cycles and provides a basis for potential legislative response, to environmental disasters
• Pervasive sensor and actuator networks will give access to the greater and environmental expanse
• Ecological and computing system modelling of scientific infrastructure is a necessary counter-measure.

Scaling challenges

• Enable planetary-sensor and actuator deployments.
• Network sensors for data collection, aggregation, and response.
• Sustainable sensors need to be environmentally friendly and self-sustaining.
• Networks must form symbiotic relationships with the environment.
• Network result should optimize environment processes to produce new cyber-physical phenomena.

Disaster Response

• Managed transportation systems can cut evacuation times while reuniting evacuees and providing stress relief.

Assistive Devices

• Tele-services and assistive devices will play an increasing role in providing at home assisted living services.
• Homecare that employs tele-presence will assist the elderly with managing and maintaining home activities.
• Trust of personal devices like blood-pressure sensors with reliable information delivery is required.
• Long-term the verification and validation of cyber-physical systems is required for the creation of the certification and safety of services.

CPS Summary

• A scientific and engineering CPS discipline advances the conceptualization and integration of future societal-scale systems.
• It needs new approaches to analyze interactions between engineering structures, information processing, humans, and the physical world.

Foundation and Scientific CPS Challenges

• New theory is needed for better interaction between physical and cyber sub-systems for understanding the design, development, certification and evolution of the system.
• New architecture patterns, protocol composition, model tools and languages needed to perform different compositions of communication and IT systems.
• New effective hardware programming and abstractions is required to capture constraints from the cyber system interactions in physics, chemistry and materials.
• Iterative development of system structure that captures behaviors is another requirement.
• Perform quantitative trade-off with advanced technologies and constraints on cyber and physical components.
• Ensure security, robustness and safety against the environment and components.

Key challenges

• CPS Composition is requires for “science” of composition.
• Ensuring robustness and safety across all features is a challenge solved with location, time and tag-based mechanism.
• Control and hybrid requires a calculus to merge time- and event-based systems for robust control.
• Abstraction of composable manners is required for safety, real-time, security, and robustness in architecture programs.
• Architecture for CPS needs to be consistent to capture variety of information.
• Network protocols need to developed for larger scale and innovative models.

Embedded and Sensor Systems Challenges

• Bandwidth must be allocated with routing schemes to handle fault tolerance with real time computing measures.
• Autonomy requires mobile adhoc CPS networks.
• Model-based development of communications, computing, and physical dynamics at different scales for integration.
• Formal and testing integration that is more heterogeneous for validation and certification.
• Properly trained scientists and engineers with critical software engineering foundations.

Social Impact and Infrastructure

• CPS advances will have a socio-economic impact on everything from self-correcting systems to electricity generation.
• CPS impacts can be seen on world challenges like aging and energy shortage:
• "More than 90 percent of the energy coming out of the ground is wasted and does not end as useful.” [6].
• Integration of renewable sources has created technologically improved “Net Zero Energy" Buildings. Building the most energy efficient physical to cyber integration.
• Tele-presence integrated with tele-operation will reduce need work related travel.
• Improved STEM cell knowledge automated by microscopes, analytical algorithms and robotics. Aids with home care supervision and those who need better social services.