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Questions and Answers
Which technique involves using legitimate tools to execute malicious payloads to avoid detection by security software?
Which technique involves using legitimate tools to execute malicious payloads to avoid detection by security software?
What is the primary objective of a 'Denial of Service' (DoS) attack?
What is the primary objective of a 'Denial of Service' (DoS) attack?
Which type of attack involves intercepting and modifying communications between two parties without their knowledge?
Which type of attack involves intercepting and modifying communications between two parties without their knowledge?
What is the primary function of the 'Nessus' tool in network security?
What is the primary function of the 'Nessus' tool in network security?
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Which attack technique leverages hardware vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code on a target device?
Which attack technique leverages hardware vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code on a target device?
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What is the primary objective of 'Rowhammer' attacks in DRAM memory exploitation?
What is the primary objective of 'Rowhammer' attacks in DRAM memory exploitation?
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Which technique involves modifying the firmware of a device to perform malicious actions undetected?
Which technique involves modifying the firmware of a device to perform malicious actions undetected?
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What is the purpose of 'Fuzz Testing' in software security?
What is the purpose of 'Fuzz Testing' in software security?
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Which advanced attack involves exploiting timing variations in cryptographic operations to extract sensitive data?
Which advanced attack involves exploiting timing variations in cryptographic operations to extract sensitive data?
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What is the primary goal of 'Heap Spraying' in modern exploitation techniques?
What is the primary goal of 'Heap Spraying' in modern exploitation techniques?
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Which type of malware specifically targets the firmware of a system to persist through reboots and avoid detection?
Which type of malware specifically targets the firmware of a system to persist through reboots and avoid detection?
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What is the primary objective of 'Differential Cryptanalysis' in cryptographic attacks?
What is the primary objective of 'Differential Cryptanalysis' in cryptographic attacks?
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Which technique involves analyzing electromagnetic emissions from electronic devices to extract sensitive information?
Which technique involves analyzing electromagnetic emissions from electronic devices to extract sensitive information?
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What is the purpose of 'Code Obfuscation' in software development?
What is the purpose of 'Code Obfuscation' in software development?
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Which advanced technique involves modifying the microcode of a hardware device to perform malicious actions?
Which advanced technique involves modifying the microcode of a hardware device to perform malicious actions?
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What is the primary goal of 'Return-Oriented Programming (ROP)' in exploitation?
What is the primary goal of 'Return-Oriented Programming (ROP)' in exploitation?
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Which type of vulnerability involves the improper handling of race conditions in multi-threaded applications?
Which type of vulnerability involves the improper handling of race conditions in multi-threaded applications?
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What is the primary purpose of the 'BeEF' tool in penetration testing?
What is the primary purpose of the 'BeEF' tool in penetration testing?
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Which type of attack involves injecting malicious code into a web application through a web form and bypassing input validation?
Which type of attack involves injecting malicious code into a web application through a web form and bypassing input validation?
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What is the primary goal of an ARP spoofing attack?
What is the primary goal of an ARP spoofing attack?
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Which attack technique involves crafting malicious URLs that include encoded characters to bypass security filters?
Which attack technique involves crafting malicious URLs that include encoded characters to bypass security filters?
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Which method is used to obscure the origin and nature of network traffic, often used by attackers to avoid detection?
Which method is used to obscure the origin and nature of network traffic, often used by attackers to avoid detection?
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What is the primary objective of the 'Responder' tool in a penetration test?
What is the primary objective of the 'Responder' tool in a penetration test?
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Which technique is used to evade antivirus detection by altering the appearance of malware?
Which technique is used to evade antivirus detection by altering the appearance of malware?
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What is the primary function of the 'Metasploit' framework in ethical hacking?
What is the primary function of the 'Metasploit' framework in ethical hacking?
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Which attack involves the use of crafted network packets to cause a target system to repeatedly allocate memory until it crashes?
Which attack involves the use of crafted network packets to cause a target system to repeatedly allocate memory until it crashes?
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Which of the following is the correct order of steps in the Cyber Kill Chain model?
Which of the following is the correct order of steps in the Cyber Kill Chain model?
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Which tool is best suited for bypassing antivirus detection by modifying malware signatures?
Which tool is best suited for bypassing antivirus detection by modifying malware signatures?
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Study Notes
Cyber Kill Chain Model
- Correct order of steps: Reconnaissance, Weaponization, Delivery, Exploitation, Installation, Command and Control, Actions on Objectives
Bypassing Antivirus Detection
- Tool best suited: Veil-Evasion for modifying malware signatures to bypass antivirus detection
Proxy Chain Usage
- Primary purpose: Conceal the attacker's IP address during an attack
ARP Poisoning Attack
- Description: Altering ARP cache entries to intercept network traffic
Firewall State Detection
- Best method: Analyze packet responses and behavior over time to determine if a firewall is stateful or stateless
Bypassing Data Execution Prevention (DEP)
- Technique used: Return-Oriented Programming (ROP) to bypass modern DEP mechanisms
SQL Injection Vulnerability
- Type of vulnerability exploited by SQL injection: Input validation vulnerability
Least Secure Wireless Security Protocol
- Protocol to avoid: WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) considered the least secure
Payload for Persistent Connection
- Metasploit payload: Meterpreter allows an attacker to maintain a persistent connection on a compromised system
Purpose of "John the Ripper"
- Main objective: Password cracking tool used in cybersecurity
Buffer Overflow Attack Objective
- Primary purpose: To execute arbitrary code in a buffer overflow attack
Man-in-the-Middle Attack Protocol
- Protocol exploited: DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) for conducting a man-in-the-middle attack using a rogue DHCP server
Weak Encryption Algorithm
- Algorithm to avoid due to vulnerabilities: DES (Data Encryption Standard) known as weak encryption and should not be used
Primary Focus of Forensic Investigation
- Main objective: To trace the attacker's actions in a cyber incident during a forensic investigation
Linux Command for Immutable File Attributes
- Command used:
chattr +ito set a file with immutable attributes preventing modifications even by root
Unauthorized Access Concealment Malware
- Type of malware: Rootkit used to provide unauthorized access to a system while concealing its presence
Web Application Firewall Mitigation
- Attack technique mitigated: SQL Injection using a Web Application Firewall (WAF)
Purpose of Burp Suite
- Main objective: Web application security testing tool commonly used for analyzing and testing web applications
Binary Functionality Understanding
- Analysis technique: Static analysis used to understand the functionality of a binary without executing it
Hiding Malicious Code in Images
- Commonly used technique: Steganography for hiding malicious code in images
Eavesdropping Vulnerable Protocol
- Protocol susceptible to eavesdropping attacks: FTP (File Transfer Protocol) due to lack of encryption
Virus vs. Worm
- Key difference: Worms do not require user interaction to spread, while viruses do
DNS Enumeration Tool
- Tool commonly used: Nslookup for performing DNS enumeration
Purpose of Ettercap
- Main function: Ettercap tool used for man-in-the-middle attacks in cybersecurity
SNMP Weakness Exploitation
- Attack leveraging SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Enumeration for leveraging weaknesses in SNMP
Protection Against SQL Injection
- Method used: Input validation as one way to protect against SQL injection attacks
OSI Model Routing Layer
- Responsible layer for routing packets: Network Layer in the OSI model
Automated Web Application Vulnerability Scanning
- Tool specifically designed: OWASP ZAP for automated web application vulnerability scanning
Phishing Site Creation
- Attack technique: Website cloning technique used to create a phishing site that looks identical to the legitimate site
DNS Zone Transfer Target
- Target of a DNS zone transfer attack: DNS records for gaining detailed information
Meterpreter Usage
- Metasploit payload: Meterpreter used for establishing a persistent connection on a compromised system
ASLR Bypassing Technique
- Technique used to bypass ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization): Return-Oriented Programming (ROP)
SNMP Weakness Exploitation
- Weakness in SNMP: Vulnerabilities in the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) exploited with enumeration attacks
SQL Injection Mitigation
- Measure to protect against SQL injection attacks: Input validation helps in defending against SQL injection vulnerabilities
Cross-Site Scripting Protection
- Vulnerability mitigation: Content Security Policy (CSP) used to block Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks
IDS Evasion Technique
- Technique used for evading IDS (Intrusion Detection Systems): Packet fragmentation by splitting malicious payloads into smaller packets
Apache Struts Vulnerability
- CVE-2017-5638 vulnerability: Associated with remote code execution affecting Apache Struts and allowing attackers to execute arbitrary code
Kerberos Ticket Granting Ticket
- Function of TGT in Kerberos: To provide service tickets for accessing network resources
WPS Weakness Exploitation
- Exploitation of weak WPS feature: Reaver attack to exploit vulnerabilities in the Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) protocol
MS17-010 Vulnerability Significance
- Impact of MS17-010 vulnerability: Enables remote code execution on Windows systems
Industrial Control System Targeting Malware
- Type of malware targeting industrial control systems: Stuxnet designed specifically for critical infrastructure systems
Content Security Policy Purpose
- Usage in web security: To block Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks as a primary purpose of Content Security Policy (CSP)
IDS Evasion Technique
- Evasion technique: Packet fragmentation technique involves altering the size of packets to bypass IDS (Intrusion Detection Systems) detection
Authenticated Attack
- Rootkit allows attackers authenticated access with full administrative rights to perform unauthorized actions
Remote Execution in Wireless Networks
- EternalBlue exploit leveraging vulnerabilities in the SMB protocol to remotely execute code on target systemsHere are the study notes for the text:
Advanced Ethical Hacking Concepts
exploitation techniques
- Race Condition Exploitation: Triggering a race condition to gain unauthorized access
- Heap Spraying: Filling the heap with predictable data to execute arbitrary code
- Return-Oriented Programming (ROP): Subverting the control flow of a program by overwriting the return address of a function call
- Buffer Overflow: Manipulating the memory allocation behavior of an application to cause a heap overflow and execute arbitrary code
- Side-Channel Attack: Analyzing the physical implementation of a cryptosystem to extract sensitive data
- Fault Injection Attack: Inducing errors and analyzing their effects to compromise cryptographic systems
- Timing Attack: Measuring the time taken to execute cryptographic algorithms to compromise cryptographic systems
Cryptographic Attacks
- Rainbow Table Attack: Using precomputed hash values to crack passwords
- Birthday Attack: Exploiting the predictable nature of certain cryptographic algorithms to reduce the complexity of brute-force attacks
- Chosen-Plaintext Attack: Analyzing the encryption process to compromise cryptographic systems
- Differential Cryptanalysis: Analyzing the differences in the encryption process to compromise cryptographic systems
Hardware and Firmware Attacks
- Hardware Trojan: Modifying the microcode or firmware of a hardware device to perform malicious actions
- Firmware Reverse Engineering: Analyzing the firmware of a hardware device to extract sensitive data
- Side-Channel Attack: Analyzing the physical implementation of a cryptosystem to extract sensitive data
- Electromagnetic Eavesdropping: Using electromagnetic emissions to extract information from electronic devices
Malware and Ransomware
- Rootkit: Using sophisticated techniques to hide the presence of malware by intercepting and modifying system calls
- Ransomware: Encrypting data and demanding a ransom in exchange for the decryption key
- Polymorphic Malware: Changing its code structure on each infection to evade detection
- APTs (Advanced Persistent Threats): Using advanced evasion techniques to remain undetected and persist in a system for long periods
Vulnerabilities and Exploitation
- Spectre and Meltdown: Exploiting speculative execution and gaining access to sensitive data
- BlueKeep: Executing remote code on vulnerable RDP services
- Rowhammer: Flipping bits in adjacent memory rows to compromise system security
- Branch Target Injection: Manipulating the branch prediction feature of modern processors to execute arbitrary code### Malware and Attacks
- A logic bomb is a type of malware that executes a payload at a specific time or event.
- Polymorphic malware evades detection by modifying itself with each infection.
- Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts data and demands a ransom.
Cryptography and Exploitation
- Differential cryptanalysis is an attack that exploits vulnerabilities in cryptographic algorithms to deduce the key.
- Timing attacks analyze the time taken to perform cryptographic operations to extract sensitive data.
- Power analysis attacks analyze the power consumption patterns of a device to extract cryptographic keys.
- Fault injection involves injecting faults into a cryptographic device to gain access to sensitive information.
Exploitation Techniques
- Buffer overflow protection mechanisms like DEP and ASLR prevent the execution of injected code.
- Memory corruption attacks alter the normal execution flow of a program.
- Return-Oriented Programming (ROP) executes arbitrary code using existing code snippets.
- Heap spraying fills the heap with predictable data for exploitation.
Hardware and Firmware Attacks
- Hardware Trojans are malicious modifications to hardware devices that can execute arbitrary code.
- Firmware reverse engineering involves modifying the firmware of a device to perform malicious actions undetected.
- Rowhammer attacks induce bit flips in adjacent memory cells in DRAM memory exploitation.
- Electromagnetic eavesdropping involves analyzing electromagnetic emissions from electronic devices to extract sensitive information.
Security Testing
- Fuzz testing discovers vulnerabilities by inputting random data into a system.
- Code obfuscation makes code harder to understand and reverse engineer.
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Description
Identify the correct order of steps in the Cyber Kill Chain model. The Cyber Kill Chain model is a framework used to understand the different stages of a cyber attack. Learn the sequence of events in a cyber attack.
