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What should a purchaser do immediately after buying the notes?
What should a purchaser do immediately after buying the notes?
What is one of the prohibitions regarding the notes?
What is one of the prohibitions regarding the notes?
How many devices can a user view the files on simultaneously?
How many devices can a user view the files on simultaneously?
What is recommended for backing up the notes?
What is recommended for backing up the notes?
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What happens if a customer attempts to share or distribute the notes?
What happens if a customer attempts to share or distribute the notes?
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After saving the notes, what is not necessary for users?
After saving the notes, what is not necessary for users?
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What is the goal of the notes according to the message from the team?
What is the goal of the notes according to the message from the team?
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What is NOT permitted under the license agreement of the notes?
What is NOT permitted under the license agreement of the notes?
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What is the primary function of the fibrous pericardium?
What is the primary function of the fibrous pericardium?
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Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the contraction of the heart?
Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the contraction of the heart?
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What is the role of the endocardium in the heart?
What is the role of the endocardium in the heart?
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Where is the middle mediastinum located?
Where is the middle mediastinum located?
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What structure surrounds the heart and contains serous fluid?
What structure surrounds the heart and contains serous fluid?
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Which part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart serves to electrically isolate the heart's chambers?
Which part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart serves to electrically isolate the heart's chambers?
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Which of the following correctly describes the serous pericardium?
Which of the following correctly describes the serous pericardium?
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What is the primary material that reinforces the myocardium and supports the heart's structure?
What is the primary material that reinforces the myocardium and supports the heart's structure?
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What is the primary effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate?
What is the primary effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate?
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How does sympathetic stimulation affect the heart muscle cells?
How does sympathetic stimulation affect the heart muscle cells?
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What does a typical 12-lead ECG measure?
What does a typical 12-lead ECG measure?
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Which of the following statements about the sympathetic nervous system is true?
Which of the following statements about the sympathetic nervous system is true?
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What initiates the cyclic AMP pathway in the sympathetic nervous system?
What initiates the cyclic AMP pathway in the sympathetic nervous system?
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What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on potassium permeability in the heart?
What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on potassium permeability in the heart?
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Which of the following correctly describes the role of acetylcholine in heart function?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of acetylcholine in heart function?
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How does increased sodium permeability affect the heart rate during sympathetic stimulation?
How does increased sodium permeability affect the heart rate during sympathetic stimulation?
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What structure allows action potentials to move from cell to cell in the heart?
What structure allows action potentials to move from cell to cell in the heart?
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What is the correct sequence of the heart's conduction system?
What is the correct sequence of the heart's conduction system?
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Which ions are primarily involved in the spontaneous depolarization of the SA and AV node cells?
Which ions are primarily involved in the spontaneous depolarization of the SA and AV node cells?
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During repolarization of pacemaker cells, which ion channels primarily open?
During repolarization of pacemaker cells, which ion channels primarily open?
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What type of action potentials do contractile cardiac cells generate?
What type of action potentials do contractile cardiac cells generate?
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What initiates the massive influx of Na+ ions in contractile cardiac cells?
What initiates the massive influx of Na+ ions in contractile cardiac cells?
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What causes the plateau phase in the action potential of contractile cardiac cells?
What causes the plateau phase in the action potential of contractile cardiac cells?
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Which factor primarily determines the firing frequency of SA and AV node cells?
Which factor primarily determines the firing frequency of SA and AV node cells?
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What is the role of the Na/K-ATPase during repolarization?
What is the role of the Na/K-ATPase during repolarization?
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What is the approximate duration of the Absolute Refractory Period in cardiac muscle?
What is the approximate duration of the Absolute Refractory Period in cardiac muscle?
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What happens to K+ channels during repolarization of cardiac muscle cells?
What happens to K+ channels during repolarization of cardiac muscle cells?
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Which structure sets the pace for the heart's contractions?
Which structure sets the pace for the heart's contractions?
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What effect does the Parasympathetic Nervous System have on heart rate?
What effect does the Parasympathetic Nervous System have on heart rate?
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Where is the Atrioventricular (AV) Node located?
Where is the Atrioventricular (AV) Node located?
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What indicates that the SA Node is functioning properly?
What indicates that the SA Node is functioning properly?
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How does the influx of Ca+ ions contribute to muscle contraction in cardiac muscle cells?
How does the influx of Ca+ ions contribute to muscle contraction in cardiac muscle cells?
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What does the PR-Segment reflect in the ECG?
What does the PR-Segment reflect in the ECG?
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What occurs during the Relative Refractory Period?
What occurs during the Relative Refractory Period?
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What causes the Q-Wave to show a biphasic trace?
What causes the Q-Wave to show a biphasic trace?
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Which part of the ECG waveform corresponds to ventricular depolarization?
Which part of the ECG waveform corresponds to ventricular depolarization?
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What occurs during the ST-Segment of the ECG?
What occurs during the ST-Segment of the ECG?
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Which wave in the ECG indicates repolarization of the ventricles?
Which wave in the ECG indicates repolarization of the ventricles?
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Which wave is associated with depolarization of the interventricular septum?
Which wave is associated with depolarization of the interventricular septum?
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In which situation is a negative deflection observed in the ECG?
In which situation is a negative deflection observed in the ECG?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System Final Edition Notes
- This document is a pre-summarized, ready-to-study, high-yield set of notes on anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the cardiovascular system.
- The book is 201 pages in length.
- It provides open-source images and/or attributions where possible.
- Notes are for a time-poor student of medicine, pre-med, USMLE, or PA students.
Using the Notes
- Purchase immediately and download, as download access is not permanent.
- Sharing of notes is strictly prohibited.
- Users are permitted to download/save/view files on up-to 2 simultaneous devices.
- Documents may be printed to hard copy for backup.
- The same email address should be used for any future purchases for file visibility.
- A download allowance is allocated per order, extensions may be required.
- The user may use the discount code "TAKE20OFF" for 20% off future purchases.
- Instructions for upgrading to a bundle deal with a 80% discount are available online.
Table of Contents
- Anatomy & Physiology Notes:
- Anatomy of the heart
- Electrophysiology of the heart
- ECG Physiology
- Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle
- Cardiodynamics
- Haemodynamics
- Blood pressure physiology
- Anatomy & physiology of blood vessels
- Physiology of hypertension
- Physiology of shock
- Physiology of myocardial ischaemia / ischaemia
- Effects of aging on the heart
- Pathology Notes:
- Congenital heart defects
- Aneurysms & Dissections
- Arrhythmias
- Dyslipidaemia
- Atherosclerosis
- Drug classes for treating arrhythmias
- Ischemic heart disease
- Acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
- Heart failure
- Pathologies of “Heart Muscle Diseases”
- Pathology of hypertension
- Pathology of shock
- DVT & PE
- Carcinoid heart disease
- Infective & non-infective endocarditis
- Lymphangitis
- Myocarditis – viral & toxic
- Pericarditis
- Pericardial effusion
- Acute arterial occlusion (“critical limb ischaemia”)
- Peripheral vascular disease
- Varicose veins
- Chronic skin ulcers
- Tumours of vessels
- Important vasculitis
- Kaposi sarcoma
- Buerger's Disease ("thromboangiitis obliterans")
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